'A 


How  We  Affect 
Latin  America's  Daily  Life 


LATIN  AMERICA,  No.  2 


William  J.  Dangaix 

Formerly  Foreign  Agent  of  the 
War  Trade  Board  at  Berne  and  Paris 

Author  of 

How  Latin  America  Affects  Our  Daily  Life 


INSTITUTE  FOR  PUBLIC  SERVICE 

51     CHAMBERS    STREET 
NEW  YORK  CITY 


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Preface 

If  the  United  States  is  to  hold  its  war-time  lead 
in  Latin  America's  foreign  trade,  our  business  men 
and  our  public  must  know  more  and  think  straighter 
about  our  ability  to  serve  Latin  American  countries 
and  our  growing  need  for  their  foods  and  raw  ma- 
terials suitable  for  our  manufactures. 

To  give  the  basic  facts  about  our  present  and 
possible  future  relations  with  Latin  America  is  the 
purpose  of  the  two  pamphlets  which  the  Institute  for 
Public  Service  has  persuaded  Mr.  William  J.  Dan- 
gaix  to  write  from  his  personal  travels  and  studies. 

In  the  present  volume,  How  We  Affect  Latin 
America's -Daily  Life,  many  startling  facts  are  given, 
such  as  that  the  West  Indies'  per  capita  trade  with 
us  was  in  1918  four  times  that  of  Great  Britain  in 
1913;  Argentine's  nearly  five  times  that  of  France; 
Brazil's  nearly  twice  that  of  Sweden ;  Cuba's  twenty- 
six  times  that  of  Germany;  Chile's  three  times  that 
of  Belgium. 

Will  the  population  of  Latin  America  grow  up 
to  her  almost  limitless  natural  resources?  Are  we 
her  logical  trading  center?  How  can  we  earn  con- 
tinued leadership  in  the  world  trade  of  our  neighbors 
to  the  south?  What  mistakes  must  we  stop  making? 
What  are  the  encouraging  evidences  that  we  have 
profited  from  past  mistakes?  These  and  similar 
questions  are  answered  by  Mr.  Dangaix  in  the  two 
readable,  definitely  instructive  pamphlets,  How 
Latin  America  Affects  Our  Daily  Life  and  How  We 
Affect  Latin  America's  Daily  Life. 

Institute  for  Public  Service 

JULIUS  H.  BARNES,  Chairman 
January  1,  1920 


What  and  Where  is  Latin  America? 

Latin  America,  the  geographical  term,  belongs  his- 
torically and  logically  to  all  parts  of  the  New  World, 
continental  and  insular,  extending  in  a  southerly  di- 
rection from  continental  United  States  to  its  apex  at 
Cape  Horn,  a  distance  of  7,000  miles ! 

This  mighty  domain,  larger  than  the  United  States 
and  British  North  America  combined,  occupies  about 
one-seventh  of  the  land  area  of  the  entire  world.  This 
is  the  Latin  America  of  which  this  study  treats. 

Some  authorities  claim  that  the  term,  Latin  Ameri- 
ca, should  be  limited  to  the  twenty  Latin  American 
republics,  in  doing  which  the  possessions  of  the 
United  States,  Great  Britain,  France  and  the  Neth- 
erlands, lying  within  this  territory,  are  omitted.  In 
1918,  the  combined  value  of  our  commerce  with  this 
omitted  territory,  embracing  200,000  square  miles  and 
containing  nearly  4,200,000  inhabitants,  was  $187,- 
880,000,  an  increase  of  $77,390,000  or  70  per  cent,  over 
our  commerce  with  it  in  1913. 

Other  authorities  extend  the  meaning  of  Latin 
America  to  all  American  countries  to  the  south  of  us, 
in  which  a  Latin  race  or  the  use  of  some  Latin  lan- 
guage is  predominant.  This  would  exclude  all  of  the 
foregoing  omitted  territory  except  the  French  posses- 
sions and  Porto  Rico. 

It  was  the  Latins — Spanish  and  Portuguese — who 
first  discovered,  explored  and  settled  these  large  re- 
gions, in  which  one  still  finds  abundant  evidence  of 

2 


the  profound  impressions  made  by  them.  Among 
the  combined  inhabitants  of  European  blood,  the 
Latin  races  have  always  predominated.  Even  in  re- 
cent years,  the  bulk  of  immigration  has  been  made  up 
of  the  Latin  races — Spanish,  Portuguese,  Italian  and 
French.  Of  the  total  population  of  Latin  America  in 
1918,  (89,709,000),  less  than  2y4  per  cent,  is  of  coun- 
tries in  which  other  than  a  Latin  language  is  in  the 
ascendancy. 

It  seems,  therefore,  more  proper  to  designate  that 
entire  portion  of  the  New  World  by  the  collective 
expression,  Latin  America,  irrespective  of  the  politi- 
cal organization  of  its  countries  or  the  relatively  small 
parts  of  them  in  which  some  Latin  tongue  is  no 
longer  predominant. 

Latin  America  fulfills  the  need  of  a  broader  inclu- 
sive term  than  Spanish  America,  too  often  misused  to 
include  even  Portuguese  Brazil.  Moreover,  it  is  of 
great  utility  in  defining,  as  a  unit,  that  larger  vast 
portion  of  America  in  contradistinction  to  its  other 
great  divisions,  British  North  America  and  the 
United  States. 

What  is  true  of  Latin  America  as  a  whole,  is 
equally  true  of  each  of  its  three  natural  geographical 
divisions,  Mexico  and  Central  America,  the  West  In- 
dies, and  South  America.  If  one  is  seeking  facts  con- 
cerning our  commercial  relations  with  the  West  In- 
dies, one  naturally  wants  to  learn  the  whole  story, 
irrespective  of  the  conflicting  claims  to  the  limita- 
tions embraced  in  the  term,  Latin  America.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  French  islands  and  Porto  Rico  at 
least  have  as  much  right,  from  every  reasonable  point 
of  view,  to  be  included  in  the  designation,  Latin 
America,  as  have  Cuba,  Haiti  and  the  Dominican  Re- 


public.  Indeed,  based  upon  the  discovery  of  the  West 
Indies  by  Latins,  what  sub-division  of  that  wonder- 
ful group  of  islands  could  have  a  better  right  to  be 
included  in  the  designation  than  the  British  Bahamas 
in  which  (on  San  Salvador  or  Watling)  Columbus 
himself  first  set  foot  in  the  New  World?  On  his  first 
and  succeeding  voyages,  he  discovered  practically  all 
of  the  islands  of  the  West  Indies. 

One  cannot  even  think  of  South  America  without 
being  reminded  of  the  Guianas  of  which  French 
Guiana  at  least  is  still  every  whit  as  much  Latin  as 
Brazil  which  adjoins  it.  It  was  the  coast  of  Vene- 
zuela, adjoining  the  Guianas,  where  during  his  third 
voyage,  in  1498,  Columbus  first  discovered  the  main- 
land of  America. 

It  would  be  much  like  compiling  statistical  facts 
about  one  of  our  states  without  including  all  of  its 
counties,  to  gather  important  data  concerning  that 
compact  group  of  countries  lying  between  the  Rio 
Grande  and  the  Panama  Canal  without  including 
British  Honduras. 

It  was  at  Cape  Gracias  a  Dios,  on  the  coast  of  Hon- 
duras, where  Columbus,  on  his  fourth  and  last  voy- 
age to  the  New  World,  in  1502,  had  his  first  glimpse 
of  the  mainland  of  the  North  American  continent. 

In  the  enlightened  dawn  of  a  new  era  of  Pan- 
Americanism,  our  constructive  program  for  strength- 
ening the  natural  ties  and  cultivating  mutual  helpful- 
ness among  the  peoples  of  the  New  World,  will  not 
brook  the  exclusion,  even  from  unity  in  name,  of  any 
southern  neighbor. 


How  We  Affect  Latin  America's  Daily  Life 

We  are  much  less  independent  of  Latin  Americans  than 
they  are  of  us.  We  cannot  conveniently  obtain  elsewhere 
much  of  what  they  want  to  sell  to  us,  whereas  they  might 
easily  get  elsewhere  or  produce  themselves  practically  every- 
thing we  want  to  sell  to  them. 

If  an  impassable  barrier  were  to  be  erected  between  Latin 
America  and  the  United  States,  Latin  America  twenty  years 
hence  need  suffer  for  no  necessity,  but  the  United  States 
would  suff er  more  and  more  keenly  each  succeeding  decade 
for  want  of  raw  materials,  some  of  which  no  other  part  of  the 
world  can  furnish  us  at  all,  and  some  of  which  can  be  had 
at  feasible  prices  only  from  Latin  America. 

For  example  the  imported  article  that  leads  in  value  our 
imports  which  pay  duty  is  sugar,  the  bulk  of  which  conies 
from  Latin  America — principally  Cuba.  The  most  valuable 
of  "free  imports," — and  71.92%  of  all  our  1918  imports  were 
on  the  free  list  that  pays  no  duty — is  india  rubber,  an- 
other distinctive  Latin  American  product  which  comes  now 
chiefly  from  the  British  and  Dutch  East  Indies,  but  will  more 
and  more  .come  from  Latin  America.  Other  distinctive  prod- 
ucts of  Latin  America  like  vegetable  fibres  for  ropes,  twines, 
mattings,  etc.,  hides  and  skins,  wool,  coffee,  tin,  copper  and 
nitrates  are  among  our  very  largest  items  of  import  for  which 
we  must  look  more  and  more  to  Latin  America.  See  How 
Latin  America  Affects  Our  Daily  Life. 

The  one  service  which  we  and  we  only  can  render  to 
Latin  America  concerns  its  political  independence  rather  than  Monroe 
its  commerce.     For  protection  against  European  political  in-  Doctrine 
terference  and  possible  domination,  Latin  America  has  come 
to  look  to  itself  and  the  cooperation  of  its  own  members  and 
to  our  belief  in  and  enforcement  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine.  The 
sanction  of  the  civilized  world  has  now  been  formally  given 
to  this  policy  of  America  for  Americans  in  the  Covenant  of 
the  League  of  Nations. 

That  her  commercial  relations  with  the  United  States  may 
be  quite  as  important  as  her  political  relations,  Latin  America 
has  not  yet  realized.  As  her  commerce  increases  her  reason 
for  dealing  with  the  United  States  will  be  that  she  can  profit 
from  such  dealings  rather  than  that  she  is  dependent  upon 
them. 

The  sooner  we  frankly  recognize  that  Latin  America  is 
essential  to  us  and  that  we  must  win  her  favor  and  secure  her 


Competi- 
tion the 
life  of 
trade 


Important 

facts 

overlooked 


U.  S.  leads 
in   Latin 
American 
trade 


products  for  our  own  reasons  and  not  for  altruistic  reasons, 
the  sooner  are  we  and  our  merchants  apt  to  adopt  the  attitude 
arid  to  practice  the  courtesy,  consideration  and  far-seeing  help- 
fulness which  alone  will  secure  our  share  of  Latin  America's 
trade. 

In  dealing  with  a  country  that  is  not  dependent  upon  us 
we  cannot  use  high-handed  arbitrary  methods.  As  in  every 
other  activity  of  life  where  the  buyer  may  buy  of  any  one  of 
several  sellers,  each  seller  will  try  to  outdo  all  others  in  cour- 
tesy, promptness,  quality  and  quantity  of  service  at  the  low- 
est possible  price.  For  Latin  American  trade  we  have  many 
keen  competitors. 

It  is  good  for  us,  having  a  population  of  over  one  hundred 
million,  that  in  our  future  dealings  with  Latin  America  we  are 
to  have  competition  and  thus  be  constantly  reminded  that  we 
must  work  for  our  own  interest  by  way  of  doing  the  best  that 
possibly  can  be  done  for  Latin  American  customers. 


Have    classes    give    local    illustrations — prices    that    are 
cheaper  because  of  competition. 


While  our  southern  neighbors  are  not  dependent  upon  us 
for  many  raw  materials  or  manufactured  products,  their  daily 
life  is  nevertheless  at  many  points  affected  by  the  United 
States. 

Since  we,  being  actually  dependent  upon  her,  are  still 
quite  unconscious  of  both  the  fact  and  the  extent  of  our  de- 
pendence upon  her  for  a  great  variety  of  raw  products  that 
enter  into  our  daily  life,  we  should  not  be  surprised  to  learn 
that  Latin  Americans  have  failed  to  realize  for  how  very  many 
articles  of  prime  importance  to  life,  commerce  and  industry 
they  are  already  looking  to  us. 

Even  in  Mexico,  Central  America,  the  West  Indies  and 
other  countries  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  where  for  many  years 
our  commerce  has  exceeded  that  of  all  other  nations  combined, 
there  is  an  astonishing  lack  of  knowledge  concerning  the  char- 
acter and  volume  of  this  trade. 

The  general  public  of  Latin  America  would  be  surprised 
to  know  that  for  many  years  our  purchases  from  Latin  Amer- 
ica have  far  exceeded  those  of  any  other  country  and  that  be- 
ginning in  1913  our  sales  to  her  have  also  been  in  the  lead. 

But  this  leading  position  in  the    commerce    of    Latin 
America  was  largely  owing  to  our  preponderant  share  of  the 
trade  of  the  Caribbean,  as  we  occupied  second  place  in  the 
total  trade  of  South  America. 

In  1915,  however,  our  trade  with  South  America  also  sur- 
passed that  of  any  other  country.  In  1917  we  began  to  lead 
all  other  countries  combined  in  both  buying  from  and  selling 
to  Latin  America. 


One  should  bear  in  mind,  however,  that  a  large  part  of 
our  rapidly  growing  trade  is  attributable  to  greatly  increased 
values  since  1913  and  is,  therefore,  not  a  fair  indication  of  in- 
creased quantities. 

In  1918  our  purchases  totaled  $1,044,000,000  and  our  sales 
$760,000,000,  a  total  trade  of  almost  two  billion  dollars  ($1,- 
805,000,000).  Our  total  trade  with  each  of  thirty-two  Latin 
American  divisions  is  given  on  page  45,  together  with  the 
amount  and  percentage  of  increase  over  1913  for  the  total  and 
for  imports  and  exports  separately.  The  principal  items  of 
export  are  given  on  page  44  and  the  inside  back  cover. 

In  studying  these  totals,  the  reader  should  remember  that 
their  significance  is  in  the  numbers  of  articles  sold  and  the  Significance 
numbers  of  customers  dealt  with,  and  not  in  the  amounts  of  of  volume. 
money.     It  takes  but  a  line  to  say  that  Latin  America  bought 
almost  $200,000,000  worth  of  metals  and  metal  manufactures 
from  us  in  1918;  to  get  those  articles  to  Latin  America,  how- 
ever, took  the  time  of  thousands  of  wage  earners  and  manag- 
ers, hundreds  of  railroad  cars,  many  ships,  hundreds  of  houses, 
much  letter  writing,  in  fact  participation  by  almost  every  one 
of  us. 


Reasons  should  be  sought  to  explain  why  our  trade  shows 
larger  relative  growth  in  some  countries  and  groups  of 
countries  than  in  others,  especially  why  the  growth  of  our 
trade  with  Cuba  has  outstripped  that  with  any  other 
country,  and  even  large  groups  of  countries. 


Latin  America's  pre-war  financial  and  commercial  rela- 
tions, her  personal,  social  and  educational  ties  were  generally 
centered  in  Europe,  upon  which  part  of  the  world,  it  was  popu- 
larly believed,  her  industrial  life  also  depended. 

The  masses  of  the  people  are  not  even  aware  that  the 
United  States  leads  the  world  in  the  production  of  the  prin-  Productive 
cipal  metals  and  non-metalic  minerals ;  in  lumber,  cement  and 
other  basic  materials;  in  wheat,  corn,  oats,  cotton,  tobacco, 
fruits  and  other  leading  agricultural  products;  in  animal  in- 
dustries, meat  products,  fisheries,  manufactures,  commerce 
and  wealth. 

Much  less  do  they  realize  that  this  overpowering  suprem- 
acy and  our  geographical  position  make  the  United  States 
more  important  to  Latin  America,  industrially  and  financially, 
than  all  Europe  combined  can  be  to  her. 


Bring  out  the   difference    between    "important    to"  and 


Heretofore,  they  have  not  been  generally  confronted  with 
these  truths,  or  made  to  realize  even  that  any  considerable 
part  of  the  imported  articles  with  which  they  are  constantly 
in  contact  originates  with  the  "Yanquis." 


U.   S.   mail 
bags 


Daily    con- 
tact with 
U.   S. 
products 


Hard  to 
avoid  us 


U.  S. 
cotton    in 
European 
textiles 


Even  where,  as  in  certain  parts  of  Latin  America,  men 
walk  about  the  street  clad  in  tightly  woven  trousers  or  wear- 
ing aprons  bearing  the  familiar  stamp  "U.  S.  Mail,"  envious 
neighbors  who  are  wearing  less  durable  cottons,  think  much 
less  of  the  origin  of  these  bags  than  of  their  utility.  Had 
these  mail  bags,  which  were  so  trifling  in  importance  before 
being  gotten  out  of  the  hands  of  the  International  Postal  Ser- 
vice, been  filled  with  parcels  or  checks  representing  inter- 
change of  commercial  relations  the  initials  "U.  S."  would  mean 
useful  service  instead  of  unclaimed  sacks. 

Latin  Americans  do  not  generally  think  of  the  United 
States  when  they  enjoy  bread,  biscuits,  pancakes  and  their 
delicious  pasteles,  made  of  wheat  flour;  when  they  eat  hams, 
bacon  and  other  meat  products,  butter  and  cheese,  Irish  pota- 
toes, dried  and  canned  vegetables  and  fruits;  when  they  use 
lard,  cottonseed  and  peanut  oils,  condensed  and  evaporated 
milk,  baking  powder,  condiments,  vinegar,  flavoring  extracts 
and  many  other  articles  of  food  from  our  farms,  fields,  pas- 
tures and  factories.  They  seldom  think  of  us  when,  on  Fri- 
days and  other  days  of  abstinence,  they  have  special  occasion 
to  enjoy  a  dish  of  popular  bacallao,  smoked  haddock  or  her- 
ring, canned  salmon  or  lobster  or  other  fish  and  shellfish  from 
our  extensive  fisheries. 

When  they  use  refined  sugar,  eat  candies,  drink  chocolate 
or  chew  gum,  they  are  apt  to  even  forget  that  the  raw  ma- 
terials probably  originated  in  their  own  or  a  neighboring  coun- 
try, and  were  sent  to  us  to  be  manufactured  or  prepared. 

Latin  Americans  too  often  fail  to  associate  us  with  the 
clothes  and  shoes  they  wear;  with  building  materials,  house 
furnishings  and  decoration;  with  office,  store,  factory,  mill, 
farm,  ranch,  mining  and  logging  supplies  and  equipment; 
with  steam  railways,  electric  lines,  automobiles,  motor  trucks, 
wagons,  steamboats,  motor  boats  and  their  other  transporta- 
tion facilities;  with  water  works,  sewerage,  electric  light  and 
power  plants;  with  coal,  coke,  oils,  soaps  and  greases;  with 
the  telephone,  telegraph  and  cable;  with  chemicals,  dyes, 
drugs  and  medicines.  There  is  an  endless  variety  of  ways  in 
which  the  daily  life  of  millions  of  our  neighbors  to  the  south 
are  affected  by  our  products  and  commerce.  Even  the  man 
who  may  not  be  in  direct  contact  with  our  products,  cannot 
possibly  avoid  the  effect  of  them,  extending  even  to  his 
amusements,  such  as  sports,  music  and  the  "movies." 

Latin  Americans  rarely  see  any  connection  between  the 
United  States  and  their  European  purchases,  yet  many  of  our 
materials  and  products  form  an  important  part  in  a  great 
variety  of  these  manufactures.  Their  most  important  Euro- 
pean purchases  are  textiles  which  they  purchase  with  little 
thought  of  the  fact  that  much  the  larger  part  of  the  cotton 


employed  in  their  manufacture  comes  from  our  southern  cot- 
ton fields  where  about  75%  of  the  world's  supply  of  the  fleecy 
staple  is  grown. 

One  finds  many  ways  in  which  our  products  are  camou- 
flaged, some  of  which  seem  quite  natural  and  innocent,  but  flu  S 
others  as  purposely  and  skilfully  designed  as  for  a  battlefield.  ** 

The  most  important  reasons  responsible  for  this  unfortunate 
situation  are: 

1st,  that  a  large  part  of  our  commerce  with  Latin  America 
is  handled  through  European  merchants,  often  our  commer- 
cial rivals,  some  of  whom  find  it  to  their  interest  to  disguise 
our  products; 

2nd,  that  the  larger  part  of  our  commerce  has  been  fin- 
anced through  foreign  banks,  in  which  settlements  were 
usually  made  with  drafts  on  European  centers;  and 

3rd,  that  the  bulk  of  our  commerce  has  been  carried  in 
ships  flying  European  flags.  Heretofore,  beyond  the  borders 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea,  the  Stars  and 
Stripes  was  almost  a  curiosity  in  Latin  American  waters. 

Fortunately  for  us,  Latin  Americans  are  generally  familiar 
with  a  number  of  our  widely  used  labor-saving  machines  and  Labor- 
machinery  which  dramatically  appeal  to  the  eye,  such  as  the 
cash  register,  sewing  machine,  typewriter,  adding  and  calcu- 
lating machines,  type-setting  machine,  farming  machinery 
and  implements,  windmills,  printing  presses,  scales  and  bal- 
ances, stoves  and  ranges,  electrical  devices,  phonographs, 
cameras,  hand  tools  and  implements,  prbminent  among  which 
is  the  machete,  that  everlasting  friend  in  need  that  is  a  friend 
indeed  to  the  lowlands  of  rural  Latin  America. 


Have  these  devices  drawn  and  stories  told  of  their  Latin 
American  uses. 


That  Latin  America  has  been  looking  principally  to  us 
for  her  metals  and  metal  manufactures  is  not  generally  un-  Metal*  and 
derstood.  Heretofore,  foodstuffs  have  generally  led  in  our  metal  man 
sales  to  Latin  America,  but  metals  and  metal  manufactures 
are  now  far  in  the  lead  of  any  other  group  of  products,  testify- 
ing  to  the  rapidly  increasing  demand  upon  us  for  such  prod- 
ucts, despite  greatly  enhanced  values.  During  the  fiscal  year 
1918,  the  value  of  our  sales  of  metals  and  metal  manufactures 
attained  the  large  sum  of  $195,649,274  or  nearly  27%  of  the 
value  of  our  total  exports  of  domestic  merchandise  to  Latin 
America. 

While  many  of  these  products  can  normally  be  obtained 
in  Europe,  we  shall  always  be  able  to  supply  them  to  Latin 
America  more  quickly  and  in  much  larger  quantities  than 
Europe  can  hope  to  do.  Every  year  our  advantage  will  in- 
crease. In  fact  there  is  nothing  else  in  which  our  world 
supremacy  is  so  pronounced  as  in  our  production  of  iron,  steel 


Importance 
of  steel 


A  lost  art 


The 

machete 


and  copper,  the  essential  basic  elements  in  manufacture,  and 
in  our  production  of  coal  and  petroleum,  the  great  compelling 
forces  in  the  extraction  and  conversion  processes  by  which 
all  metals  enter  into  an  infinite  variety  of  manufacture. 

Steel  for  example  is  as  vitally  important  in  new  and  un- 
developed countries  like  Latin  America  as  in  old  and  finished 
countries. 

No  phase  of  modern  life,  no  employment  or  occupation, 
no  industry  or  service,  great  or  small,  is  possible  without  some 
direct  use  of  steel.  We  find  it  in  countless  varieties  of  form, 
ranging  from  needles  and  pens,  to  ponderous  locomotives  and 
giant  ocean  steamers. 


Have  children  list  familiar  uses  of  steel. 


Without  steel  Latin  America  can  never  be  developed; 
there  can  be  no  steamships,  steamboats  or  railroads;  no  tools, 
implements  and  machinery  with  which  to  exploit  its  forests, 
develop  its  mines,  cultivate  its  fields,  manufacture  its  products, 
build  its  cities  and  homes  and  carry  on  commerce;  it  must 
relapse  into  the  primitive  days  of  the  Inca  and  Aztec,  or  at 
least  be  thrown  back  to  the  era  before  the  modern  use  of  iron 
and  steel  became  known. 

The  Incas  and  pre-Incas,  to  whom  steel  was  unknown,  possessed 
the  lost  art  of  tempering  their  copper  tools,  many  samples  of  which 
have  been  found  among  the  ruins  and  abandoned  mines  of  Peru  and 
Bolivia,  and  some  of  which  can  be  seen  in  our  museums;  but  their 
descendants  find  steel,  in  some  form,  as  important  in  their  daily  life 
as  we  do. 

Even  to  the  uncivilized  man  of  the  jungle  a  blade  of  steel 
is  indispensable.  I  have  visited  many  isolated  native  huts  at 
remote  river  points  in  the  interior  of  South  America  where, 
after  diligent  search,  the  only  article  found  on  the  premises 
which  was  not  the  product  of  the  wilderness,  was  a  machete, 
that  indispensable  and  inseparable  tool  and  weapon  of  the 
lower  class  of  the  Latin  American  native,  especially  of  the  low- 
lands. This  heavy  and  long  cutlass-like  knife  supplies  every 
domestic  use  for  sharp-edged  tools  in  the  home,  from  peeling 
fruits  to  cutting  fire-wood.  It  is  also  employed  as  the  sole 
agricultural  implement,  both  in  cultivating  and  harvesting  the 
small  patches  of  corn,  sugarcane,  bananas,  plantains  and  other 
products. 

It  is  the  sole  implement  used  in  cutting  footpaths  and  roads 
through  the  jungle;  and  answers  many  purposes  in  gathering  forest 
products,  in  construction  work,  local  industries  and  in  hunting  and 
fishing. 

The  machete  is  universally  used  in  cutting  the  vast  fields  of 
sugar-cane  in  Cuba  and  elsewhere  in  Latin  America;  also  in  cutting 
off  the  outer  husk  of  the  cocoanut. 

Every  bunch  of  bananas  gathered  in  Tropical  America  is  cut 
from  the  plant  with  a  machete,  after  which  the  plant  itself  is  cut 

10 


down  with  this  knife,  to  make  room  for  its  succeeding  sprout,  since 
no  banana  plant  bears  more  than  one  bunch  of  bananas. 

The  machete  is  a  formidable  weapon  in  the  oft-recurring  revolu- 
tions, and  is  too  often  resorted  to  in  the  settlement  of  personal  diffi- 
culties. Many  a  man's  head  has  been  split  wide  open  with  a  single 
blow  of  this  heavy  knife. 

It  is  a  common  sight,  in  rural  districts,  and  especially  in  cane- 
growing  sections,  to  see  boys,  often  clad  in  nothing  more  than  a  small 
piece  of  cloth,  with  a  machete  slung  at  their  sides;  but  they  look  to  be 
as  proud  of  being  pressed  in  a  machete  as  we  feel  in  good  clothes, 
shoes  and  hat. 

Many  of  these  poor  boys  don't  aspire  to  own  anything  more  valu- 
able to  them  than  a  machete,  and  especially  one  that  bears  the  im- 
print, "made  in  U.S.A.,"  the  superiority  of  which  they  have  learned 
to  appreciate. 

It  is  the  tool  by  which  these  boys  and  their  families  earn  a  live- 
lihood, and  one  that  answers  more  domestic  and  general  needs  than 
any  other  known  to  them. 

They  may  never  learn  to  read,  but  their  long  familiarity  with 
the  imprint  on  their  machete,  "made  in  U.S.A."  and  its  significance 
will  serve  them  a  good  purpose  in  the  selection  of  not  only  better 
tools  and  implements,  but  many  other  manufactures  that  they  will 
come  to  require. 


Dressed  in 

a  machete 


Have  imaginary  story  written  giving  machete  boy's  idea 
of  the  United  States. 


The  families  in  the  huts  and  cabins  where  the  machete 
now  reigns  supreme,  will  first  want  household  and  kitchen   „ 
furniture  and   utensils  of  modern   manufacture  and  greater   f^*^™ 
utility,  in  iron,  steel,  tin,  enamel,  crockery,  glass,  etc.,  instead 
of  the  now  useful  calabash  from  which  their  bowls,  jars,  dishes, 
cups  and  even  spoons  are  made,  or  pots  and  pans  locally  made 
of  clay. 

They  will  want  to  discard  the  stone  and  stone  rolling  pin 
with  which  the  women  laboriously  grind  corn;  put  aside  the 
turtle-shell  in  which  the  cornmeal  batter  is  prepared;  and 
abandon  the  use  of  hot  stones  on  which  to  cook  "tortillas" 
(pan-cakes),  their  staple  bread. 

They  will  want  forks,  spoons  and  knives;  glasses,  crock- 
ery, tinware,  coffee  mills,  sewing  machines,  hammers, 
hatchets,  axes,  hoes,  rakes,  shovels,  saws,  nails  and  innumer- 
able other  articles  of  ordinary  domestic  use. 

The  man  of  the  jungle  will  surely  want  a  better  bed  than 
is  commonly  found  in  his  hut ;  forked  stakes  supporting  rough  A  breech- 
limbs  and  branches,  covered  with  a  home-made  grass  mat,   cioti, 
usually  about  three  feet  above  the  ground,  as  a  protection   wardrobe 
against  snakes  and  other  venomous  crawling  pests.       Sheets 
and  other  bedclothes  are  unknown  to  him.     He  is  not  even 
troubled  with  wearing  apparel,  since  his  entire  wardrobe  is 
often  confined  to  a  breech-cloth.     The  women  do  not  wear 
much  more,  and  younger  children  not  even  a  fig  leaf,  but  all 
this  must  of  course  change. 

11 


What  local  industries  will  benefit  from  these  changes  in 
standard  of  living? 


Agricul- 
tural 
machinery 


Amusing 
prejudices 


Vehicle* 


The  statement  that  in  one  year,  ending  June  30,  1918,  we 
sold  Latin  America  agricultural  machinery  and  implements 
alone  to  the  value  of  $5,700,000,  would  probably  be  accepted 
by  the  average  Latin  American  as  an  "embuste  de  los  Yan- 
quis";  yet  such  facts  should  be  generally  known. 

Our  planters,  plows,  cutivators,  reapers,  binders,  thresh- 
ers and  other  agricultural  machinery  and  implements  are  seen 
almost  everywhere  among  the  17,500,000  acres  sown  in  wheat 
in  Argentina,  and  ia  the  less  extensive  but  important  wheat 
fields  of  Chile,  Uruguay  and  Mexico. 

But  the  extensive  use  of  our  unequalled  farming  ma- 
chinery, implements  and  tools  is  not  confined  to  the  wheat 
fields  of  Argentina,  Uruguay  and  Chile.  One  finds  them  in  the 
large  fields  of  corn,  oats,  sugarcane,  rice,  cotton,  tobacco, 
coffee,  hay,  sisal  grass,  linseed,  potatoes  and  other  vegetables ; 
and  generally  on  the  small  farms  throughout  Latin  America, 
wherever  the  native  has  advanced  beyond  the  wooden  plow. 

One  need  not  go  further  than  among  our  Mexican  neighbors 
across  the  Rio  Grande  to  find  an  astonishing  abundance  of  wooden 
plows  and  many  other  primitive  methods  of  agriculture;  but  the  Latin 
American  farmer  who  has  been  converted  to  the  advantage  of  the 
steel  plow  will  soon  learn,  if  he  has  not  already  done  so,  that  he  can 
obtain  the  best  results  by  hitching  his  burro  to  one  from  los  Estados 
Unidos. 

One  of  the  amusing  objections  and  prejudices  among  primitive 
people  to  the  steel  plow,  is  that  it  destroys  the  productive  force  of 
the  earth. 

This  absurd  theory  is  not  confined  to  the  aborigines  of  Latin 
America.  I  have  frequently  met  with  it,  even  in  certain  sections  of 
Continental  Europe  where  the  wooden  plow  is  still  in  use.  It  was  a 
similar  mistaken  notion  which  often  led  the  Spanish  farmer  to  assist 
in  almost  denuding  Spain  of  trees,  because  trees  harbored  birds  that 
feasted  on  his  grain  crops. 

Our  wagons,  carts,  motor  and  hand  trucks,  pushcarts  and 
wheelbarrows,  harness,  saddlery  and  horseshoes,  contribute 
materially  to  gathering  and  marketing  the  products  of  Latin 
America,  whether  of  the  field,  forest  or  mine;  and  in  facilitat- 
ing local  transportation  of  all  kinds. 

I  found  our  wagons  in  great  favor,  even  in  far-off  Pata- 
gonia, where  they  were  introduced  in  recent  years.  When  at 
Trelew,  a  bleak  little  town  that  reminds  one  of  a  Siberian 
village,  I  dined  at  the  home  of  a  Welshman  who  was  doing  a 
thriving  business  in  hauling  wool  from  the  foothills  of  the 
Andes,  across  the  trackless  pampas,  often  for  over  400  miles, 
exclusively  in  American-made  wagons  which  he  declared  were 
superior  to  any  he  had  ever  used.  This  frank  admission 
seemed  the  more  significant  because  Trelew  was  settled  by 

12 


a  Welsh  colony  and  is  inhabited  almost  exclusively  by  the 
Welsh. 


A  story  is  told  of  a  business  man  at  Guayaquil,  Ecuador, 
having  need  to  reach  Iquitos,  Peru,  (an  air-line  of  relatively 
short  distance),  by  the  quickest  and  most  convenient 
route,  found  it  necessary  to  first  come  to  New  York  to 
sail  for  Para,  and  thence  ascend  the  Amazon  for  about 
2,500  miles  to  Iquitos.  Explain  the  great  difficulties  of 
crossing  the  Andes  and  jungles  on  foot  or  horseback. 


Bags  are  used  not  only  to  sack  wheat,  corn,  oats,  linseed,  _ 
nee,  coffee,  potatoes,  beans,  peas,  and  other  farm  products,  twf£e 
but  employed  almost  exclusively  throughout  Latin  America  cordage 
in  handling  and  shipping  flour,  sugar,  salt,  cocoa,  tagua  and 
edible  nuts,  tonqua  and  vanilla  beans,  nitrates  and  other 
products,  since  they  are  found  cheaper  and  more  convenient 
than  barrels.  In  1918,  we  sold  Latin  America  bags  to  the 
value  of  $2,500,000,  and  over  $700,000  worth  of  twine,  used 
largely  in  sewing  up  these  bags.  We  also  sold  her  cordage, 
valued  at  $1,800,000,  used  extensively  on  farms  and  ranches; 
and  binder  twine,  to  the  extent  of  $3,800,000,  used  almost  ex- 
clusively in  the  wheat  fields  of  Argentina,  Uruguay  and  Chile. 
Besides,  we  sold  her  other  manufactures  of  vegetable  fibers, 
($1,275,000),  on  the  matting  and  in  the  hammocks  of  which 
the  daily  siesta  is  often  enjoyed  or  the  night  is  spent.  And 
this  does  not  include  straw  and  palm  leaf  manufactures, 
valued  at  $551,000. 


Try  to  estimate  the  combined  length  of  the  binder  and 
other  twine  which  we  sold  to  Latin  America  in  1918. 


After  crops  of  the  field  are  harvested  much  of  our  machin- 
ery is  employed  in  making  them  marketable,  even  before  they 
leave  the  farm.  Wheat,  oats  and  rice  must  be  threshed,  corn  machinery 
shelled,  coffee  hulled  and  cleaned,  the  cotton  ginned  and  baled, 
the  tobacco  cured,  sugarcane  ground  and  rendered  into  raw 
sugar  and  syrup  or  the  sugarcane  juice  fermented  and  distilled 
into  strong  alcoholic  drinks. 

The  grain  elevators  and  the  flour,  grist,  rice,  sugar  and 
cottonseed  oil  mills  are  not  only  largely  equipped  with  our 
machinery ;  but  most  of  the  lumber,  structural  steel,  galvanized 
sheet  iron,  hardware,  glass,  nails,  cement  and  other  materials 
together  with  the  necessary  tools  employed  in  the  construction 
of  these  mills,  come  from  us. 

This  is  equally  true  of  wood-working  and  metal-working 
plants ;  packing  houses  and  cold  storage  plants ;  water  and  gas 
works ;  electric  light  and  power  plants ;  pumping  and  irrigating 
plants ;  extract  and  distilling  works ;  mines ;  oil  wells ;  and 
local  factories,  mills  and  shops  of  all  kinds  wherever  machin- 
ery, machines,  implements  and  tools  are  employed. 

13 


Calls  for  our  sugar  mill  machinery — to  make  cane  juice 
into  "raw  sugar" — are  significant  and  encouraging  not  merely 
because  of  our  sales  of  $11,000,000  in  one  year  but  because  they 
portend  the  day  when  Latin  America  will  retain  for  itself  the 
advantage  of  refining  its  own  sugar  instead  of  being  contented 
with  merely  making  the  raw  material  and  paying  other  nations 
to  do  the  refining.  A  short-sighted  selfishness  would  make 
us  regret  if  Latin  America  should  stop  sending  us  its  raw 
sugar  to  be  refined.  A  more  intelligent  selfishness  will  help 
us  to  see  that  as  Latin  America  increases  the  kinds  and! 
amount  of  home-made  products  she  will  also  increase  her  de- 
mands for  our  goods. 

The  fact  that  during  a  year  of  world-wide  war,  we  sold 
Latin  America  iron  and  steel  machines  and  machinery  alone 
to  the  value  of  $55,500,000  testifies  forcibly  to  her  extensive 
use  of  our  mechanical  devices.  And  these  sales  do  not  include 
automobiles,  cars  and  other  vehicles  ($32, 500,000) ,  electrical 
machinery,  ($16,700,000),  agricultural  machinery  and  imple- 
ments ($5,700,000),  or  any  machines  or  machinery  made  of 
copper,  brass,  nickel,  tin  or  other  metals. 


All  these  various  devices  will  preferably  be  pictured 
and  their  course  from  centers  of  manufacture  and  distri- 
bution followed  to  centers  of  use  in  Latin  America.  Ad- 
vertising pictures  from  magazines  will  help  vitalize  these 
geography  studies. 


Toward  the  railroad  transportation  of  Latin  America,  our 
sales  of  locomotives,  cars,  car  wheels  and  axles,  steel  rails  and 
track  materials  amounted,  for  the  fiscal  year,  ending  June  30th, 
1918,  to  over  $13,300,000 ;  not  to  mention  several  million  dollars 
more  in  structural  steel  that  entered  into  bridge  construction, 
machinery  for  railroad  shops  and  pumping  plants,  materials  in 
the  local  construction  of  cars,  and  materials  and  supplies  In 
operation  and  maintenance,  including  telegraph  wire,  coal, 
oils,  and  greases. 

Electrical  machinery,  machines,  fixtures,  wiring,  etc.  are 
fortunately  among  our  greatest  specialties  for  they  are  also 
among  Latin  America's  principal  needs,  not  only  in  cities  but 
on  the  farm  and  in  mining  operations.  In  1918,  our  total  sales 
of  such  articles  exceeded  $16,700,000,  and  this  is  only  a  be- 
ginning. 

An  electric  light  plant  is  now  operated  in  connection  with  almost 
every  factory,  mill  or  other  modern  industry,  where  electric  power  is 
also  often  generated  for  operating  machines,  running  elevators,  etc. 

Electric  power  in  light  manufacturing  is  becoming  general  in 
Buenos  Ayres,  Santiago  and  other  large  cities. 

One  finds  electric  lighting  in  many  towns  where  the  high  cost  of 
coal  dispels  all  thought  of  using  gas. 

14 


Many  of  the  powerful  cranes  on  the  piers  of  Buenos  Ayres,  Monte- 
video, Rio  de  Janeiro  and  several  other  principal  ports,  for  loading  and 
unloading  ships,  are  operated  by  electricity.  I  have  frequently  watched 
the  rapid  and  interesting  means  of  delivering  bananas  aboard  a  ship 
by  an  endless  belt  operated  by  electricity. 

The  same  means  is  also  employed  at  Santos,  Brazil,  in  loading 
coffee.  I  visited  a  plantation  of  20,000  acres,  in  the  state  of  Sao  Paulo, 
Brazil,  where  the  coffee  hulling,  cleaning  and  sacking  machinery  was 
operated  by  electricity. 


There  is  plenty  of  time  to  have  classes  fully  understand 
the  economic  importance  to  commerce  of  electricity  and 
the  power  and  light  it  furnishes. 


The  plant  of  the  Chile  Exploration  Co.  (an  American  concern)  at 
Chuquicamata,  Chile,  which  when  its  other  units  are  completed,  will  .  , 

be  the  largest  copper  mining  plant  in  the  world,  is  operated  through-         *e*   ° 
out  by  electric  power;   the   current  being  transmitted  from   its  big    co.pp 
power  plant   (60,000  H.P.)   at  the  little  port  of  Tocopilla,  84  miles    ' 
distant. 

I  enjoyed  the  generous  hospitality  of  the  General  Manager  of 
this  Company  during  my  three  days  inspection  of  this  mammoth 
plant,  located  at  an  altitude  of  8,846  feet. 

When  this  plant  is  fully  completed,  it  will  have  a  daily  capacity 
for  handling  and  treating  40,000  tons  of  copper  ore.  The  ore  bed  is 
over  1,000  feet  deep  and  borings  indicate  that  the  property  contains 
over  300,000,000  tons  of  copper  ore.  The  present  capacity  is  10,000 
tons  a  day. 

These  mines  were  exploited  as  far  back  as  the  Inca  period,  as  is    Tra£ijn 
shown  by  many  small  entries  in  which  are  found  the  skeletons,  pot-    »i,B1|    * 
tery,  wooden   shovels,  stone  and  copper  tools,   etc.,  of  that  period; 
some  of  which  may  be  seen  in  the  Museum  of  Natural  History  in 
New  York  City. 

The  Incas  and  the  Spaniards  who  followed  them  mined  by  the 
primitive  methods  of  those  days,  in  which  they  followed  only  the 
small  rich  veins  of  ore,  whereas  the  Chile  Exploration  Co.  is  blasting 
away  the  entire  mountain  in  which  the  old  entries  worked  by  the 
Incas  and  Spaniards  are  mere  threads  in  this  gigantic  mining  oper- 
ation. 

It  is  found  profitable  to  treat  the  ore  en  masse,  irrespective  of  the 
rich  veins,  since  it  yields  an  average  of  about  2%  of  pure  copper. 

It  was  particularly  interesting  to  see  a  number  of  enormous  steam 
shovels  that  had  seen  service  in  digging  the  Panama  Canal,  plunging 
into  great  heaps  of  blasted  ore  and  loading  it  on  cars  for  crushing  and 
treatment  at  the  mills. 

Instead  of  smelting  the  ore  in  a  furnace,  as  is  generally  done,    i        u- 
this  plant  is  using  the  leaching  process  which  is  said  to  be  the  first      *a° 
time  it  was  ever  applied  in  treating  copper  ore. 

The  leaching  process,  which  involves  the  use  of  sulphuric  acid 
in  separating  the  copper  from  its  ore,  was  applied  because  of  the 
remoteness  of  the  plant  from  coal,  coke  or  other  fuel  necessary  in 
the  smelting  process. 

The  copper  is  gathered  on  copper  sheets  from  the  liquid  by  an 
electrical  process,  and  by  means  of  crude  petroleum,  under  air  pres- 
sure, it  is  melted  into  small  ingots,  in  which  form  the  copper  is  shipped 
to  the  United  States.  The  employees  and  their  families  at  this  plant, 

15 


The    mine's 
school 


Highest 
railroad 
in  the 
world 


Wide    use 
of  our 
metals   and 
machinery 


Railroads 
higher    than 
Mont  Blanc 


numbering  about  5,000,  are  housed  and  given  medical  and  hospital 
attention,  including  medicines,  at  the  expense  of  the  Chile  Exploration 
Co.,  all  of  which  comes  from  this  country. 

A  school  is  maintained  for  the  children  by  monthly  contributions 
of  60  centavos  (about  12  cents),  paid  by  each  male  employee  of  the 
Company.  At  the  time  of  my  visit,  this  school  occupied  a  single  room 
in  a  small  building,  which  was  used  in  the  mornings  by  boys  with  a 
man  teacher,  and  in  the  afternoons  by  girls  with  a  woman  teacher. 
Both  teachers  were  Spanish.  In  visiting  the  school  one  morning,  a 
bright  little  boy  very  willingly  read  a  story  for  me  (of  course,  in 
Spanish),  which  he  did  very  well.  These  children  are  merely  taught 
to  read  and  write,  and  instructed  in  the  rudiments  of  arithmetic. 

The  next  largest  copper  plant  in  South  America  is  also  owned  by 
an  American  concern,  the  Cerro  de  Pasco  Copper  Corporation,  which 
also  operates  over  100  miles  of  railroad. 

This  large  plant,  producing  about  50,000,000  pounds  of  copper  an- 
nually, is  at  the  old  and  interesting  mining  town,  Cerro  de  Pasco, 
Peru,  at  an  altitude  of  14,100  feet,  where  the  Jesuits  mined  silver  and 
copper  for  two  centuries,  following  the  discovery  of  these  mines,  m 
1630.  En  route  to  Cerro  de  Pasco,  one  travels  over  the  Central 
Railway,  from  Callao  and  Lima  to  Oroya,  140  miles,  remarkable  for 
its  wonderful  feats  in  engineering  and  in  reaching  the  highest  altitude 
(15,865  feet)  of  any  railroad  in  the  world. 

This  celebrated  railroad  was  designed  and  its  construction  begun 
by  the  American  engineer,  Henry  Meiggs,  and  finished  after  his  death 
by  another  American  engineer,  William  Thorndike. 

Our  mining  machinery  is  more  extensively  employed  in 
Mexico  than  in  any  other  country  of  Latin  America,  because 
of  our  larger  invested  capital  and  the  greater  interest  we  have 
taken  in  the  operation  of  Mexican  mines.  This  is  likewise 
true  in  railroad  construction. 


Discuss  the  ways  in  which  Mexican  Revolutions  have 
caused  great  losses  to  our  nation  through  1,  destruction 
of  life  and  property;  2,  interruption  of  commerce;  3,  main- 
taining armed  forces  along  the  Mexican  border. 


Despite  our  neglected  opportunities  in  these  lines,  espe- 
cially in  the  countries  of  South  America,  one  finds  our  metals 
and  metal  manufactures  in  general  use  even  at  remote  and 
inaccessible  points  where  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  is 
rarely  if  ever  seen. 

Our  mining  machinery  is  found  from  the  highest  reaches 
of  the  Andes,  in  Bolivia,  where  tin  is  mined,  the  highest  mining 
operations  in  the  world,  to  the  coal  mines  on  the  coast  of  Chile, 
which  curiously  enough  extend  out  under  the  Pacific ;  from  the 
famous  silver  mines  of  Potosi,  Bolivia,  to  reach  which  the 
railroad  climbs  up  to  an  altitude  of  15,814  feet,  the  second 
highest  point  attained  by  any  railroad  in  the  world,  to  hy- 
draulic mining  in  river  beds;  from  the  highest  copper  mines 
in  the  world,  near  Ollagiie,  Chile,  to  reach  which  the  railroad 
ascends  to  an  altitude  of  15,809  feet,  the  third  highest  point 
achieved  in  railroad  construction  and  28  feet  higher  than 
Mount  Blanc,  the  apex  of  Europe,  to  the  oil  wells  at  Comodoro 
Rivadavia,  in  Southern  Patagonia. 

16 


One  finds  our  machinery  and  tools  almost  everywhere  in 
Latin  America  wherever  mining  operations  are  undertaken ;  on 
the  shores  of  the  great  Borax  Lake  in  Chile  (24  miles  long  and 
at  an  altitude  of  12,200  feet)  ;  in  the  "oficinas"  of  the  nitrate 
fields  of  the  parched  Atacama  Desert  in  Chile ;  at  the  asphalt 
beds  of  Trinidad,  Tobago,  Venezuela  and  Cuba;  at  the  oil 
wells  of  Mexico,  Peru  and  Patagonia;  in  mining  iron  and 
manganese  ores,  principally  in  Cuba,  Brazil  and  Chile;  plati- 
num in  Colombia  and  vanadium  in  Peru ;  bismuth  and  waif  ram 
in  Peru  and  Bolivia;  graphite,  magnesite  and  mercury  in  Mex- 
ico; precious  stones  in  Colombia,  Venezuela,  Brazil  and  Mex- 
ico and  the  Guianas ;  monazite  sand  and  mica  in  Brazil ;  cop- 
per, antimony,  zinc,  lead,  sulphur,  salt,  marbles,  onyx  and 
building  stone  in  various  countries;  and  gold  and  silver  in 
practically  every  country  of  Latin  America. 

When  I  descended  1,200  feet  in  a  small  cage,  used  for 
hoisting  ore,  to  the  bottom  of  the  deepest  silver  and  tin  mine 
in  Bolivia,  which  at  certain  points  is  over  2,000  feet  from  the  tin  mine 
surface,  my  companion  braced  up  my  courage  considerably 
by  assuring  me  that  the  cables,  chains  and  machinery  on  which 
my  life  depended,  were  American-made. 

I  groped  through  parts  of  the  six  miles  of  galleries  in  the 
eight  levels  of  this  mine,  in  which  I  was  specially  interested  in 
seeing  at  work  steam  drills,  pumps  and  other  American-made 
machinery  and  tools.  Even  the  miner's  torch  I  carried  and  the 
calcium  carbide  in  it  were  products  of  the  United  States,  as 
well  as  the  coal  which  fed  the  boilers  and  the  oil  which  kept 
the  machinery  running  smoothly. 

I  was  told  that  this  mine,  the  surface  of  which  Spaniards 
began  to  exploit  over  three  centuries  ago,  had  paid  dividends  in 
the  last  40  years,  aggregating  over  2K)  times  the  substantial 
capital  stock  of  the  company,  yet  no  Norte  Americano  owns  a 
single  share  of  this  stock. 


Have  classes  explain  the  changes  in  American  life  that 
resulted  from  development  of  our  own  mines,  using  as 
many  local  illustrations  as  possible. 


I  visited  other  silver  and  tin  mines  in  Bolivia  where  some 
of  the  equipment  and  methods  employed  have  remained  al- 
most  unchanged  since  they  were  first  operated  in  the  early  mining 
Spanish  colonial  days;  mining  methods  so  primitive  for  our 
day  as  to  be  almost  inconceivable  to  one  who  has  not  seen 
them  in  operation. 

But  now  that  we  have  begun  to  take  an  active  interest  in 
the  tin  mines  of  Bolivia,  which  are  of  special  value  to  us,  we 
should  soon  be  able  to  overcome  these  antiquated  and  waste- 
ful methods  by  the  more  extended  use  and  sale  there  of  our 
modern  mining  machinery. 

17 


During  the  fiscal  year  1918,  we  sold  Latin  America  13,149 
Engines  steam,  gasoline,  kerosene  and  gas  engines  of  stationary,  trac- 
tion and  marine  type,  valued  at  over  $10,500,000.  In  addition, 
we  sold  her  222  steam  and  12  electric  locomotives,  valued  at 
$2,500,000.  Thus,  it  is  seen,  we  take  no  small  part  in  keeping 
in  motion  the  machinery  on  which  Latin  America's  industry 
and  commerce  so  largely  depend. 

The  energy  of  our  engines  not  only  drives  her  industrial 
and  public  service  machinery  of  all  kinds,  giving  profitable 
employment  to  large  numbers  of  her  citizens,  but  it  keeps  the 
wheels  and  propellers  turning  of  steamers,  tugs  and  launches, 
engaged  in  inland  navigation;  while  our  locomotives  keep 
many  of  her  trains  in  motion. 

Our  fire  engines  are  of  great  service  in  putting  out  fires 
and  preventing  destructive  conflagrations. 

Our  windmills  are  in  specially   high  favor   on   the   vast 
Windmills      pampas  of  Argentina  and  in  other  large  prairie  sections,  where 
they  are  employed  in  supplying  water  to  man  and  beast  and  in 
irrigating  lands.     One  year's  sales  totaled  $770,000! 

They  are  of  the  greatest  value  in  Patagonia,  where  the 
never-ceasing  high  winds  can  be  relied  on  to  keep  the  pumps 
of  deep-driven  wells  going  in  supplying  brackish  water,  the 
only  quality  of  water  generally  obtainable  there,  except  rain 
water  conserved  for  home  use. 


Labor, 
saving 

machines 


The  biography  of  an  American  windmill  now  pumping 
water  in  Patagonia  would  be  an  interesting  exercise. 


Our  labor-saving  machines  of  domestic  and  business  use, 
in  the  sale  of  which  the  United  States  has  an  almost  world- 
wide monopoly,  are  growing  more  and  more  in  favor  in  Latin 
America  as  their  utility  and  economy  become  known. 

During  the  fiscal  year,  ending  June  30,  1918,  we  sold 
Latin  America  1,712  cash  registers  and  their  parts,  valued  at 
$340,000;  2,333  adding  and  calculating  machines,  valued  at 
$334,000;  typewriters  to  the  value  of  $1,950,000;  and  sewing 
machines  to  the  value  of  over  $3,100,000.  And  in  spite  of  war 
obstructions ! 


These  sales  during  a  single  year  of  war  embargoes  and 
priorities  offer  abundant  proof  of  the  extent  to  which  our 
supremacy  in  the  production  of  ingenious  and  labor-saving 
machines  is  helping  Latin  American  merchants  to  keep  closer 
watch  and  unfailing  knowledge  of  their  cash  sales;  and  our 
value  to  merchants,  manufacturers  and  banks  in  the  labor 
saved  and  accuracy  assured  through  the  use  of  our  adding  and 
calculating  machines  and  typewriters. 

18 


Manufacturers  of  these  devices  will  be  glad  to  send  ad- 
vertising matter,  including  facts,  about  their  Latin  Ameri- 
can customers.  Have  letters  written  requesting  facts  and 
incidents.  Magazines  and  local  dealers  will  furnish  ad- 
dresses. 


Our  adding  machines  I  found  employed  in  keeping  an 
accurate  account  of  the  number  of  bunches  of  bananas  loaded 
on  a  ship  and  in  checking  other  products  in  various  parts  of 
Latin  America. 

Our  typewriters  have  become  indispensable  to  the  office 
wherever  any  considerable  amount  of  writing  is  required. 

Our  sewing  machines  render  the  most  widespread  service, 
from  factory  and  workshop  to  the  humblest  home,  in  economiz- 
ing labor  and  reducing  the  cost  of  garments.    They  are  a  spe- 
cial blessing  to  the  home  of  the  poor  who  are  made  acquainted   A  b.Jc*J*ag 
with  their  utility  and  offered  means  of  buying  them  through  l 
the  splendid  energy,  magnificent  organization  and  wise  policy 
of  our  sewing  machine  companies. 

I  have  frequently  met  with  their  salesmen,  even  in  remote 
and  unfrequented  parts  of  Latin  America;  on  mountain  trails  and 
high  plateaus,  crossing  the  trackless  pampas  and  prairies,  and  in  the 
forests  and  jungles  of  the  wilderness,  jogging  along  with  pack  ani- 
mals heavily  loaded  with  American  sewing  machines,  destined  to  save 
the  eyes,  lessen  the  burden  and  gladden  the  heart  of  poor  women  of 
those  remote  parts  who  have  too  long  labored  with  the  needle. 

The  salesmen  are  usually  natives  who  penetrate  into  remote  sec- 
tions, by  land  or  in  a  canoe,  where  the  face  of  a  white  man  is  rarely   ln*UIIment 
if  ever  seen.  ••>«» 

The  organization  is  so  complete,  under  the  supervision  of  our  men, 
as  to  seek  the  sale  of  sewing  machines  on  small  weekly  or  monthly 
payments,  within  the  ability  of  the  poorest  woman  to  meet. 

These  liberal  terms  are  not  at  prices  too  often  met  with  at  home, 
among  installment  furniture  and  other  dealers,  which  entitle  the 
method  to  be  dubbed  the  "extortion  plan,"  but  at  figures  above  the 
cash  price  barely  sufficient  to  cover  a  small  interest  on  the  unpaid 
balances  and  the  reasonable  expense  of  collecting  them. 

I  was  rather  surprised  to  learn  from  American  district  agents  and 
supervisors  whom  I  met  that  their  losses  through  sales  and  absconding 
collectors  were  infinitesimal. 

Although  the  sale  of  sewing  machines  represents  a  relatively  small 
part  of  our  commerce  with  Latin  America,  it  is  not  difficult  to  foresee    . 
the  wide  influence  of  these  machines  on  our  growing  commerce,  better     .  "*"* 
understanding  and  closer  relations  with  her.     It  frequently  happens   P|CI 
that  the  sewing  machine  conveys  to  the  native  his  first  knowledge  of 
the  value  of  our  manufactures,  and  is  the  real  pioneer  in  the  develop- 
ment of  a  large  trade. 

Its  satisfying  service  in  the  family,  and  the  joy  it  brings  to  wife 
and  daughters,  naturally  leads  to  anxious  demands  for  a  great  variety 
of  our  products  and  a  better  appreciation  of  our  manifold  services. 

19 


It  seems  clear  to  me  that  if  our  manufacturers  and  mer- 

Leaders  in    chants  in  general  were  to  apply  the  same  enterprise,  energy 

enterprise      and  organization  in  promoting  and  extending  their  sales  and 

business  in  Latin  America,  as  we  find  displayed  by  our  sewing 

machine  companies,  there  would  be  little  occasion  to  give  much 

thought  to  the  commercial  rivalry  of  Europe  in  those  markets. 

Although  our  sewing  machine  companies  enjoy  a  virtual 
monopoly  in  their  line,  they  are  not  sitting  down  idly  at  home 
waiting  on  some  happy  chance  to  reveal  the  value  of  the  ma- 
chine in  the  Latin  American  home,  or  on  the  mails  to  bring  in 
a  cash  order,  but  through  wonderfully  organized  methods  they 
are  looking  up  customers  in  the  remotest  corners  of  the  world, 
and  making  it  inviting  for  them  to  buy  sewing  machines. 


Stores 


Scales 


Safes 


Metal 
furniture 


Cutlery  and 
band  tools 


Printing 
presses 


Mosquito* 
and  flies 


This  is  an  excellent  topic  for  school  assembly  or  for  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  meeting. 


The  fact  that  Latin  America  bought  of  us  during  the  fiscal 
year  of  1918,  stoves  and  ranges  worth  $790,000  (about  30,000 
customers)  indicates  their  growing  appreciation  of  our  better 
means  of  cooking  and  heating  than  by  the  old-style  brick  and 
tile  stoves  of  Spain  and  Portugal  and  the  open  charcoal  braz- 
iers over  which  I  have  often  shivered  in  high  altitudes  and 
cold  climates. 

They  are  also  coming  to  know  more  of  the  value  of  our 
modern  scales  and  balances,  (sales  $729,000)  over  old 
European  models  which  the  merchant  holds  suspended  by  one 
hand  while  he  goes  through  many  gymnastics  with  the  other. 

We  are  safeguarding  Latin  American  books,  money  and 
other  valuables  against  destruction  by  fire  and  loss  by  rob- 
bery, as  indicated  by  our  sales  to  them  in  one  year  of  4,430 
iron  safes  valued  at  $283,000. 

They  are  also  coming  to  be  better  acquainted  with  the 
merits  of  our  metal  furniture,  (sales  $1,200,000)  which  articles 
aie  of  special  value  in  the  tropics  where  insects  are  very  de- 
structive of  wood. 

They  appreciate  the  value  of  our  razors  and  cutlery,  (sales 
$2,000,000)  and  have  long  appreciated  the  superiority  of  our 
axes,  hatchets,  hammers,  saws,  shovels,  spades  and  other  hand 
tools.  One  year's  sales  were  $4,700,000. 

Nor  have  they  overlooked  our  printing  presses  of  which 
they  bought  to  the  value  of  $475,000,  and  typesetting  ma- 
chines, valued  at  $414,000. 

So  far  as  Latin  Americans  have  learned  that  the  pestilen- 
tial fly  and  deadly  mosquito  are  neither  blessings  in  disguise 
nor  necessary  evils  they  look  to  us  for  the  screens  on  verandas, 
doors  and  windows  which  will  keep  out  the  female  stegomyia 
mosquito,  who  serves  as  the  most  active  agency  in  the  trans- 
mission of  yellow  fever,  while  her  consort  chants  the  funeral 

20 


dirge  or  sings  some  discordant  ditty  so  little  appreciated  by  a 
foreign  traveler  during  a  sleepless  night.  Our  "kill  the  fly" 
devices,  such  as  fly  paper  and  fly  traps,  were  bought  to  the 
value  of  $47,400.  Fancy  the  tons  of  flies  destroyed  and  the 
many  cases  of  serious  illness  prevented  by  this  large  quantity 
of  fly-killing  devices. 


The  Irreconcilable  Conflict  of  Screens  and  Mosquitoes 
would  test  the  class's  knowledge  of  modern  sanitary  ad- 
vances. 


In  1918,  Latin  America  spent  over  $6,000,000  for  our 
wire,  which  is  significant  of  its  extensive  use  in  her  telephone  Wire 
and  telegraph  systems.  She  also  spent  $3,700,000  for  our 
barbed  wire  and  $330,000  for  our  woven-wire  fencing  which 
is  in  popular  use  to  enclose  farms,  ranches  and  great  pas- 
tures. Besides,  she  bought  wire  rope  and  cables,  valued  at 
over  $1,100,000,  and  our  other  wire  manufactures,  valued  at 
$1,435,000.  These  large  totals  are  but  beginnings  which  prom- 
ise prodigious  development  as  Latin  America  learns  their 
value. 

I  found  none  but  American  automobiles  along  the  govern- 
ment-built macadamized  road  of  82  miles,  from  San  Lorenzo  Auto 
to  Tegucigalpa,  the  capital  of  Honduras,  the  only  good  road- 
way  in  that  country. 

There  are  many  more  American  automobiles  in  the  West 
Indies,  Mexico  and  the  countries  of  Central  America  than  all 
others  combined;  but  we  have  allowed  European  makes  to 
outsell  us  in  South  America,  a  large  field  in  which  we  shall 
soon  overcome  our  neglected  opportunities,  for  we  have  made 
notable  progress  in  recent  years  in  our  sales  of  automobiles  to 
Latin  America.  During  1918  we  sold  her  19,560  passenger  and 
1,528  commercial  cars,  which  with  automobile  parts,  not  in- 
cluding engines  and  tires,  were  valued  at  $24,600,000,  besides 
990  motor-cycles  valued  at  $213,000,  and  bicycles  to  the  value 
of  over  $440,000. 


Have  classes  ride  on  bicycles  and  in  automobiles  through 
parts  of  Latin  America.  Manufacturers  will  gladly  furnish 
descriptive  material. 


American  automobiles  are  in  general  use  not  only  in  cities 
and  towns,  but  are  found  in  remote  sections  of  Latin  America,  A  p,»_ 
often  to  the  exclusion  of  other  cars.    They  even  precede  road- 


building,  as  I  discovered  when  in  Southern  Patagonia.  ranch 

In  my  dilemma  at  Gallegos,  a  bleak  and  dreary  town  of 
2,000  inhabitants,  near  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  to  find  means 
of  visiting  a  sheep  ranch  of  62,000  acres  on  which  15,000  head 
of  sheep  produced  125,000  pounds  of  wool  the  previous  year, 
I  discovered  a  Frenchman,  the  proud  possessor  of  a  "Ford," 

21 


whom  I  engaged,  at  a  fancy  price,  to  bump  me  over  24  miles 
of  wild  pampas,  almost  unmarked  with  any  semblance  of  a 


Great   tidal 

range 


The 

Atacama 

Desert 


Where  rain 
i*  a 
curiouty 


I  had  heard  of  the  ability  of  a  "Ford"  to  climb  a  tree  and 
swim  a  river,  but  I  was  wholly  unprepared  for  such  feats  as 
it  accomplished  on  this  memorable  ride. 

We  drove  to  the  ranch  in  the  face  of  the  fiercest  and  cold- 
est wind  I  have  ever  felt  blow  out  of  a  perfectly  clear  sky,  a 
not  uncommon  occurrence  in  Southern  Patagonia,  and  which 
seemed  to  be  the  only  hindrance  to  our  progress.  But  I  was 
too  cold  to  care  much  what  happened. 

It  was  September  3rd,  at  the  end  of  the  bleak  and  severe 
winter  season  in  that  remote  and  desolate  part  of  the  world, 
and  I  shall  always  remember  that  ride  as  the  roughest  and 
coldest  I  have  ever  taken. 

One  of  the  interesting  discoveries  I  made  at  Gallegos,  located  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Rio  Gallegos,  ten  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  that 
the  extreme  range  of  the  tide  there  is  about  50  feet,  which  is  only  ex- 
ceeded, to  my  knowledge,  by  that  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy;  yet  at  Punta 
Arenas,  in  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  within  150  miles  from  Gallegos, 
the  mean  tidal  range  is  less  than  4  feet. 

The  mean  range  of  tide  at  Montevideo,  where  the  River  Plate  is 
nearly  100  miles  wide,  is  only  1.4  feet. 

Our  pipes  and  fittings,  to  the  value  of  $11,400,000  were 
taken  chiefly  for  the  construction  of  water,  sewerage  and  drain- 
age systems,  and  in  the  plumbing  of  buildings,  so  necessary 
to  many  industries,  to  health  and  often  to  life  itself.  Not  only 
many  cities  are  wholly  dependent  upon  their  water  supply 
from  distant  sources,  piped  through  iron  water  mains;  but 
sometimes  large  regions  of  country  as,  for  instance,  the  great 
Atacama  Desert,  stretching  along  500  miles,  in  Chile,  can  only 
be  sustained  with  sufficient  water  piped  from  long  distances. 

Rain  does  not  fall  anywhere  in  this  region  more  frequently  than 
once  a  year,  and  then  only  a  light  sprinkle.  No  region  on  earth  is 
more  waterless  and  parched.  Practically  every  drop  of  water  con- 
sumed in  the  section  traversed  by  the  railroad  from  Antofagasta  to 
San  Pedro,  Chile,  a  distance  of  193  miles,  and  including  the  city  of 
Antofagasta,  with  60,000  people,  is  piped  from  reservoirs  at  San 
Pedro,  at  an  altitude  of  10,700  feet. 

The  railroad  constructed  these  water-works  at  a  cost  of  about 
$5,000,000  as  efficient  means  of  developing  that  section,  which  in- 
cludes some  of  the  richest  parts  of  the  nitrate  fields.  Previously 
water  had  to  be  hauled  there  from  long  distances,  in  tanks  and  barrels. 

The  water  mains,  which  follow  the  line  of  the  railroad, 
make  life  and  industry  possible,  and  enable  Chile  to  mine  and 
produce  nitrates  in  sufficient  quantity  to  supply  the  demands 
of  the  world  for  this  curious  substance,  the  formation  of  which 
has  given  rise  to  many  theories  and  speculations  by  learned 
geologists  and  meteorologists. 

22 


No  animal  or  plant  life  is  possible  in  the  nitrate  fields  with- 
out water  brought  there  from  without ;  also  the  necessary  soil 
for  plants,  as  these  fields  are  as  barren  of  earth  as  of  water. 

As  absolutely  nothing  grows  there  indigenously,  every 
article  of  food  for  man  and  beast  must  also  be  imported  from 
without.  The  occasional  potted  plant  grows  in  imported  soil. 

Yet  from  all  this  parched  desolation  comes  abundant 
nourishment  to  impoverished  soils  all  over  the  world,  and 
through  the  enriched  soils  increases  the  world's  supply  of 
food  for  man  and  beast. 

Imagine  what  would  happen  to  the  life  of  Buenos  Ay  res, 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Montevideo,  Santiago,  Lima,  Mexico  City, 
Havana  or  any  other  important  city  of  Latin  America,  if  its 
water  supply,  made  possible  by  iron  water  mains,  were  sud- 
denly cut  off ! 

The  same  disastrous  consequences  would  come  to  us  if 
the  same  thing  happened  to  one  of  our  cities.  There  would  be 
great  distress  and  suffering,  even  within  the  first  few  hours. 
No  one  is  so  well  equipped  as  we  are  to  furnish  the  means  for 
future  water  departments. 


Chilian 
nitrate 
fields 


Dependence 
upon  water 
mains 


Develop  illustrations  from  local  experience,  including  won- 
derful changes  in  our  deserts  thanks  to  iron  or  tile  piping. 


houses 


Tin 
tinware 


Practically  all  the  houses  in  Southern  Patagonia  are 
small  iron-clad  buildings  made  from  galvanized  sheet  iron  fur-  ?«t*io«i«» 
nished  largely  by  us,  (one  year  $5,000,000).  I  had  often 
thought  from  outward  appearances  that  these  little  iron  build- 
ings were  probably  occupied  by  laborers  with  small  incomes, 
only  to  find  later  that  many  of  them  were  the  homes  of  ranch- 
men enjoying  annual  incomes  of  from  $10,000  to  $50,000  a  year 
from  their  large  herds  of  sheep. 

Even  where  the  houses  are  made  of  wood,  as  in  some 
parts  of  Latin  America,  tin  roofing  is  extensively  employed. 
Sales  of  sheet  tin  which  is  iron  coated  with  tin  totalled  $16,- 
250,000  while  sales  of  tinware  and  other  tin  manufactures  ran 
to  over  $1,136,000  and  will,  of  course,  grow  by  leaps  and 
bounds. 

It  will  be  an  interesting  exercise  for  classes  to  list  the 
human  activities  and  benefits  involved  in  the  following  sales 
by  us  to  Latin  America  in  1918  of  other  metal  commodities: 

Bar  iron,  wire  and  other  steel  rods $6,247,000 

Iron  and  steel  plates  and  sheets  (not  galvanized) . .     5,970,000 

Structural  iron  and  steel 4,706,000 

Copper  and  copper  manufactures 3,874,000 

Nails,  tacks  and  wood  screws 3,322,000 

Brass  and  brass  manufactures 2,908,000 

Pumps  and  pumping  machinery 2,884,000 

Builders'  and  other  hardware 2,839,000 

Enamel  ware  (including  7,020  bathtubs) 2,656,000 

23 


Lead  and  lead  manufactures 2,083,000 

Bolts,  nuts,  rivets  and  washers 1,968,000 

Plated  ware  (except  cutlery  and  jewelry) 1,691,000 

Hoops,  bands  and  scroll 1,545,000 

Zinc  and  zinc  manufactures 1,371,000 

Lamps  and  other  illuminating  devices  (not  electric)  1,117,000 

Metal  compositions  and  their  manufactures 948,000 

Pig  and  scrap  iron 917,000 

Castings  and  f orgings 822,000 

Clocks  and  watches 738,000 

Firearms    (even   to   Mexico) 737,000 

Elevators  and  elevator  machinery 679,000 

Car  wheels  and  axles 662,000 

Chains  535,000 

Gold  and  silver  manufactures  (including  jewelry) .  477,000 

Steel  ingots,  billets  and  blooms 328,000 

Aluminum  and  aluminum  manufactures 272,000 

Gas  and  water  meters 192,000 

Needles  157,000 

Cotton  gins  (624) 127,000 

Nickel  and  nickel  manufactures 111,000 

Sharpening  and  grinding  machines 109,000 

Type,  plates,  cuts  and  electrotypes 106,000 

Metallic  pens  (135,029  gross) 71,000 

Horseshoes     61,000 

In  the  light  of  this  survey  of  our  sales  to  Latin  America 
,  ,  in  metals  and  metal  manufactures,  can  there  be  any  question 
iafsales  "  °^  our  tremendous  importance  to  her  in  supplying  these  essen- 
tial needs  which  we  produce  in  such  abundance,  and  are  better 
qualified  to  furnish  than  all  Europe  combined?  This  service 
is  made  more  impressive  when  it  is  recalled  that  it  was  ren- 
dered during  a  year  when  our  national  energies  were  centered 
in  the  participation  of  the  greatest  war  in  the  annals  of  his- 
tory, when  our  large  army  in  Europe  and  our  associates  there 
in  the  war  had  the  first  call  on  our  surplus  products;  and  in 
the  midst  of  great  financial  difficulties,  disrupted  exchanges, 
interrupted  business,  abnormal  labor  conditions  and  wide- 
spread unrest. 

Important  as  this  is,  it  is  only  one  of  many  ways  in  which 
we  are  and  can  be  of  far  greater  service  to  Latin  America,  and 
upon  terms  more  advantageous  to  her  than  any  other  coun- 
try can  offer. 

For  the  indispensable  foodstuffs  which  Europe  cannot 
spare,  and  which  Argentina,  Brazil,  Paraguay,  Uruguay  and 
Foodstuff*  other  countries  to  the  south  have  not  yet  sought  to  produce 
in  sufficient  quantities,  Latin  America  naturally  looks  to  the 
United  States  as  the  only  country  in  the  world  which  pro- 
duces a  large  surplus  of  breadstuffs,  corn,  oats,  hog  and  other 
meat  products,  fats,  edible  oils,  canned  fruits  and  vegetables 
and  many  other  necessary  foodstuffs. 

24 


In  spite  of  her  vast  uncountable  herds  of  sheep  and  cattle 
and  the  uncountable  acres  of  land  under  cultivation  and  mil- 
lions upon  millions  of  still  untilled  lands  that  rival  the  world's 
best  in  richness,  Latin  America  already  buys  over  one  hundred 
and  thirty-five  million  dollars  worth  of  foodstuffs  from  us 
annually. 

No  fewer  than  1,300,000,000  loaves  of  bread,  or  rather  the 
flour  for  this  many  loaves  of  bread,  (5,000,000  bbls.)  was  pur-  Flour 
chased  in  1916,  which  total  shrank  in  1918,  nearly  two-thirds,   Wh«*i 
because  of  the  Government  requisitions  for  our  large  army, 
our  associates  in  the  war,  and  needy  neutrals.     Similarly, 
shipments  of  wheat  fell  off  from  4,224,345  bushels  in  1916 
to  only  129,745  bushels  in  1918.     But  our  shipments  of  other 
foodstuffs  show  large  gains  over  1916. 

In  1918,  the  five  largest  Latin  American  customers  for 
our  flour  were,  in  the  order  named:  Cuba,  Mexico,  Gaute- 
mala,  Brazil  and  Jamaica;  while  our  smallest  customers  were 
naturally  Argentina  and  Uruguay,  the  only  countries  of  Latin 
America  which  produce  a  surplus  of  wheat. 


Develop  reciprocal  service  of  Chile  in  furnishing  nitrates 
and  our  country  in  returning  foodstuffs  to  all  of  Latin 
America. 


In  1918,  our  principal  sales  of  foodstuffs  and  feedstuffs  to 

Latin  America  and  the  approximate  value  of  each  were: 

Hams,  bacon,  lard  and  other  hog  products $34,000,000 

Wheat  flour  (1,886,593  bbls.) 21,000,000 

Refined  sugar  (137,846,213  Ibs.) 10,000,000 

Corn  (4,476,364  bushels) 9,100,000 

Condensed  and  evaporated  milk  (54,251,283  Ibs.) . .  7,800,000 

Meats  and  meat  products  (except  hog  products) . . .  6,000,000 

Dried,  cured  and  canned  fish 5,800,000 

Beans  and  peas  (807,935  bushels) 4,700,000 

Green,  dried  and  canned  fruits  and  nuts 4,300,000 

Irish  potatoes  (2,568,960  bushels) 4,000,000 

Cottonseed  oil  (20,590,579  Ibs.) 4,000,000 

Green  and  roasted  coffee  (27,203,705  Ibs.) 3,800,000 

Oats,  hay,  bran,  mill  feed  and  oil  cake 3,700,000 

Eggs  and  egg  yolks  (10,009,301  dozen) 3,600,000 

Rice  (47,621,265  Ibs.) 3,300,000 

Other  vegetables  (including  canned) 2,000,000 

Cheese  (4,795,013  Ibs.) 1,500,000 

Butter  (2,873,017  Ibs.) 1,200,000 

Chocolate  and  confectionery 1,200,000 

Cornmeal  (117,817  bbls.) 1,200,000 

Oatmeal  and  other  cereal  preparations 1,000,000 

Bread  and  biscuits  (7,606,233  Ibs.) 1,000,000 


Emphasize  the  fact  that  this  enormous  trade  is  only  in  its 
infancy.  Try  to  forecast  total  amounts  that  will  be  needed 
by  Latin  America  in  1930,  1950,  etc. 


Altogether,  we  sold  foodstuffs  and  feedstuffs  to  Latin  America, 
including  rye  flour,  wheat,  barley,  malt,  cornstarch,  glucose,  sirups, 
baking  powders  and  yeast,  pickles  and  sauces,  spices  and  vinegar, 
flavoring  extracts  and  fruit  juices,  to  the  value  of  $135,440,000!  This 
large  sum  represents  over  18%  of  the  total  value  of  our  exports  of 
domestic  merchandise  to  Latin  America  in  1918. 

It  is  estimated  that  fully  95%  of  these  food  products  originated 

Origin  with  us,  the  remaining  5%  being  represented  in  the  imported  value 

°*  OU*  tf         °*  the  Latin  American  raw  products  which  entered  into  their  manu- 

foodstuffs        facture  or  preparation,  such  as  raw  sugar,  cocoa,  green  coffee,  and 

tin  used  in  the  manufacture  of  containers.    The  coffee,  however,  the 

bulk  of  which  went  to  the  West  Indies,  was  probably  the  product 

of  Porto  Rico  which  is,  of  course,  domestic  territory. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  United  States  contributes,  very 
largely,  to  the  Latin  American  table:  in  the  bread,  cake  and 
biscuits  they  eat,  and  the  baking  powder,  yeast,  lard,  butter 
and  manufactured  sugar  which  enters  into  it;  in  cottonseed 
oil,  used  largely  in  cooking  and  in  salads ;  to  their  extensive  use 
of  condensed  milk,  frequently  found  even  on  cattle  ranches. 

I  have  found  cattle  ranches  in  Latin  American  countries 
JesT^atSe7  wnere  a  glass  of  fresh  milk  could  not  be  had  and  where  fresh 
ranches  butter  was  unknown.  If  any  butter  was  used  at  all  it  was  apt 

to  be  the  product  of  the  United  States  or  possibly  imported  in 

tins  from  Denmark. 

They  look  to  us,  almost  exclusively  for  their  hams,  bacon, 
lard  and  other  hog  products,  although  most  of  those  countries 
could  raise  hogs  as  successfully  as  we  do;  and  some  of  them 
even  better,  where  climatic  conditions  favor  larger  and  more 
frequent  litters.  Most  of  these  countries  also  look  to  us  for 
other  meat  products. 

They  are  largely  dependent  upon  us  for  their  canned 
fruits  and  vegetables;  even  in  Argentina,  Uruguay  and  Chile, 
countries  which  with  proper  enterprise  and  industry  could  eas- 
ily produce  a  large  surplus  of  such  products. 

I  saw  more  than  enough  wild  blackberries  going  to  waste 
U*iairbe   •      *n  Southern  Chile  to  supply  the  needs  of  all  Latin  America  for 
1  blackberry  jam  and  pies.    It  was  explained  to  me  that  the  high 
cost  of  sugar,  tins  and  jars  in  conserving  this  delicious  wild 
fruit  did  not  yet  warrant  gathering  it;  that  it  was  more  eco- 
nomical to  import  such  preserves  from  the  United  States  or 
even  from  Europe ! 

As  the  bulk  of  the  inhabitants  of  Latin  America  are  of 
the  Catholic  faith,  they  consume  quantities  of  fish  on  Fridays 
and  other  days  of  abstinence,  and  they  look  to  us  principally 
for  their  supply  of  dried,  cured  and  canned  fish. 

We  are  shipping  them  large  quantities  of  corn,  oats  and 
hay  with  which  to  help  feed  the  stock  in  some  of  these  coun- 
tries. 

26 


In  1918  we  sold  them  chocolate  and  confectionery  to  the 
value  of  $1,235,000,  the  raw  materials  in  the  manufacture  of 
which  originated  principally  in  those  countries. 

Some  of  these  countries  already  look  to  us  chiefly  for  but- 
ter and  cheese,  peas  and  beans,  Irish  potatoes,  onions,  corn- 
meal,  oatmeal,  peanuts,  pecans,  pickles,  sauces,  biscuits,  crack- 
ers, condensed  milk  and  other  important  foods. 

Most  of  these  products  can  and  will  in  time  doubtless  be 
produced  in  most  of  the  countries  of  Latin  America,  in  suffi- 
cient quantities  to  at  least  meet  domestic  requirements;  but 
until  this  time  arrives,  possibly  in  the  distant  future,  they  will 
look  principally  to  us  to  supply  their  needs  in  these  lines. 


What  applications  can  you  make  of  thrift  lessons  learned 
during  the  World  War,  to  this  opportunity  to  increase 
our  trade? 


The  combined  forests  of  Latin  America  are  four  times 
larger  than  our  own  wooded  lands,  and  would  more  than  Latin  Amer- 
cover  the  entire  area  of  continental  United  States.     Despite  ica's 
their  enormous  extent,  they  contain  but  small  stands  of  soft- 
woods,  (except  in  southern  Brazil  and  Chile),  and  even  these 
are  of  inferior  quality,  widely  scattered  and  generally  inacces- 
sible, owing  to  the  lack  of  transportation  facilities. 

Therefore,  Latin  America  is  largely  dependent  upon  other 
countries,  principally  the  United  States,  to  supply  her  need 
for  softwoods  which  are  best  adapted  to  the  building  trades, 
to  many  lines  of  manufacture,  for  boxes,  crates  and  slack 
barrels  in  marketing  her  products.  We  even  sell  Latin 
America  large  quantities  of  hardwoods,  such  as  ash,  gum, 
hickory,  oak  and  walnut,  in  which  her  own  forests  are  deficient 
and  do  not  yield  a  suitable  substitute. 

Our  lumber  not  only  dominates  the  building  trades  on 
both  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts  of  Latin  America,  but 
our  box  and  crate  shocks,  staves  and  heading,  cooperage, 
doors,  sash,  blinds,  mouldings  and  other  house  trim,  house- 
hold and  other  furniture,  refrigerators,  woodenware,  wagons, 
trucks,  wheelbarrows,  tool  handles,  boat  oars  and  other  wood 
manufactures  are  widely  used  throughout  Latin  America. 
Moreover,  the  by-products  of  our  forests,  such  as  rosin,  tur- 
pentine, pitch,  wood  alcohol  and  wood  pulp  are  of  large  im- 
portance to  her. 

Our  southern  yellow  pine  is  in  special  favor  because  of  soulj,ern 
its  combination  of  qualities  that  make  it  more  suitable  for  a  yeiiow  p;Be 
greater  variety  of  uses,  ranging  from  rough  construction  to  in  great 
the  highest  class  of  furniture  and  fixtures.    Besides,  it  enjoys  demand 
the  reputation  of  resisting  more  successfully  than  other  woods 
the  destructive  attacks  by  termites  or  white  ants,  so  common 
in  the  tropics.     The  Latin  American  usually  feels  as  great 

27 


Wood 

manufac- 
tures 


Oil*  and 

greases 


pride  in  possessing  furniture  and  fixtures  made  of  pitch  pine, 
especially  curly  pine,  as  we  do  when  made  of  the  finest  grade 
of  mahogany. 

One  of  the  novel  and  interesting  sights  to  me  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  Montevideo,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Valparaiso,  Callao  and 
some  of  the  less  important  ports  of  South  America,  was 
numerous  American  sailing  vessels,  including  small  schooners, 
ordinarily  engaged  in  our  coastwise  trade,  discharging  cargoes 
of  lumber  from  our  Pacific,  Gulf  and  South  Atlantic  ports; 
attracted  to  such  long  sailing  distances  by  the  abnormally 
high  ocean  freights,  owing  to  the  dearth  of  steamers  in  the 
carrying  trade. 

Wood  and  wood  manufactures  represent  our  eighth  larg- 
est item  of  export  to  Latin  America,  as  shown  by  our  sales, 
in  1918,  of  over  $28,200,000.  These  sales  include  logs,  sawed 
timber  and  lumber,  including  railroad  ties  and  shingles,  to  the 
value  of  $17,000,000;  empty  hogsheads  and  barrels,  staves, 
heading,  cooperage,  box  and  other  shooks  valued  at  $5,000,- 
000;  and  the  balance  being  represented  in  various  manufac- 
tures. These  manufactures,  however,  do  not  include  agri- 
cultural machinery  and  implements;  cars,  wagons  and  other 
vehicles;  or  any  wood  by-products,  such  as  naval  stores  and 
wood  alcohol. 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  the  different  character  of  forests 
and  other  natural  products  of  Latin  America  and  the  United 
States,  nature  itself  provided  the  need  of  interchange  and 
mutual  helpfulness  between  the  peoples  of  the  New  World. 


Learn  from  the  Forest  Service  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  National  Conservation  Association  and  the 
American  Forestry  Association,  all  in  Washington,  D.  C., 
what  is  being  done,  and  what  else  needs  be  done  to  best 
conserve  our  forests. 


For  mineral  oils  and  their  distillations  ($34,500,000)  and 
for  lubricating  and  other  greases  ($2,500,000),  Latin  America 
looks  to  us  almost  exclusively.  Even  Mexico  which  is  now 
producing  petroleum  in  large  quantities,  and  the  other  coun- 
tries, notably  Peru  and  Argentina,  whose  production  is  con- 
siderable, look  to  us  principally  to  supply  their  needs  for 
refined  oils,  since  they  have  no  adequate  means  of  refining 
their  local  raw  product. 

Our  illuminating  oils  light  the  way  along  streets  and  in 
buildings  everywhere  in  Latin  America,  where  gas  or  elec- 
tricity has  not  yet  been  installed,  or  where  these  more  modern 
lights  are  still  exorbitantly  high. 

Our  lubricating  oils  keep  Latin  America's  machinery  run- 
ning smoothly  and  our  greases  help  her  trains  and  vehicles 
to  maintain  their  service.  I  took  one  long  trip  on  a  train  in 
South  America  which  it  was  necessary  to  stop  every  few  miles 
to  subdue  the  blazing  fire  and  allow  the  axles  on  almost  every 

28 


car  to  cool,  because  the  supply  of  grease  had  become  ex- 
hausted. 

Our  gasoline  makes  possible  the  service  of  automobiles, 
and  the  power  furnished  by  many  stationary,  traction  and 
marine  engines  in  Latin  America.  It  also  answers  many  other 
requirements  there  as  in  dry  cleaning  establishments  and 
scientific  works. 

Less  imposing  than  our  sales  of  mineral  oils,  but  no  less 
significant  of  the  importance  of  our  services  to  Latin  America,  Candles 
is  the  item  of  over  $5,000,000  spent  by  her,  in  1918,  for  our  Acetylene 
paraffin,  wax,  and  4,168,198  Ibs.  of  candles;  $1,133,000  for  **« 
calcium   carbide;   and  $2,035,000  for   9,906,000  incandescent 
lamps. 

This  last  item  helps  us  appreciate  the  point  often  made 
in  this  book,  that  we  must  judge  our  gains  with  new  custom-  Electric 
ers  by  the  number  of  purchases  they  make,  that  is  the  number  lamP» 
of  objects  they  purchase,  rather  than  by  dollar  and  cent  totals. 
Do  not  you  see  that  9,906,000  incandescent  lamps  mean  9,906,- 
000  radiating  centers  and  advertisers  of  co-operation  between 
Latin  America  and  the  United  States? 

Wherever  artificial  light  is  employed  in  Latin  America, 
whether  it  be  the  flame  of  the  resinous  pine,  a  match,  candle,  We  light 
the  miner's  torch,  oil  lantern  or  lamp,  coal  or  acetylene  gas,  thc 
the  beacon  in  the  lighthouse,  incandescent  or  arc  lamp  or  the 
blinding  glare  of  the  searchlight,  it  is  usually  from  products 
of  the  United  States. 


In  1918,  we  sold  Latin  America  $231,000  worth  of  matches 
If  every  match  had  been  marked  "Made  in  U.  S.  A.",  how 
many  mediums  of  advertising  would  they  create? 


Coal  is  the  only  fuel  used  for  generating  steam,  not 
only  in  locomotives  but  practically  everywhere  in  Latin 
America  where  steam  is  required,  despite  the  fact  that  Chile 
is  the  only  country  where  coal  is  commercially  mined. 

Chilian  coal  mines  are  principally  on  the  coast,  in  the 
neighborhood   of   Concepcion,   where   they   even   extend   out  coaj  mine! 
under  the  Pacific.    But  Chilian  coal  is  of  inferior  quality,  not  under  the 
suitable  for  coking,  and  the  output  does  not  supply  more  than  Pacific 
half  of  the  total  consumption  of  coal  in  Chile  alone.     It  is 
generally  mixed  with  American,  Australian  or  English  coal 
of  better  grade,  and  is  principally  used  by  the  Government- 
owned  railroads. 

Other  large  coal  deposits  are  known  to  exist  in  several 
countries  of  Latin  America,  but  until  these  are  made  acces- 
sible, she  must  continue  to  depend  upon  the  outside  world, 
especially  the  United  States,  for  her  coal  supply. 

29 


Omnipo- 
tence of 
coal 


Fuel-les* 
forests 


Yareta 


Taquia 


Sales  of 

rubber 

good* 


Rubber 
import* 


Wild 
rubber 


Being  far  in  the  lead  of  any  other  nation  in  the  produc- 
tion of  coal,  we  wield  a  mighty  power  in  its  discriminating 
s^le  to  nations  whose  industrial  life  almost  depends  upon  our 
willingness  to  sell  them.  We  have  had  recent  examples  in 
Europe  of  how  embargoes  and  other  war  necessities  have 
driven  nations  to  accept  harsh  terms  in  obtaining  even  a 
meagre  supply  of  coal. 

Without  the  4,011,260  tons  of  coal  and  the  378,196  tons 
of  coke,  valued  at  $24,335,000,  which  we  furnished  to  Latin 
America,  in  1918,  many  of  her  cities  would  have  been  without 
gas  or  electric  lights  and  power;  her  trains  and  electric  cars 
would  have  ceased  to  run,  and  many  of  her  important  indus- 
tries would  have  been  brought  to  a  standstill. 

Wood  fuel  for  steaming  purposes  in  Latin  America  cannot  be 
considered,  as  practically  all  of  her  extensive  forests  are  composed 
of  hardwoods,  too  expensive  to  cut,  too  heavy  to  handle  or  to  float, 
extremely  inaccessible  and  otherwise  disqualified  as  fuel. 

On  the  treeless  Andean  plateau,  and  at  mines  in  the  higher  reaches 
of  the  Andes,  where  fuel  is  one  of  the  greatest  local  problems,  yareta 
moss  and  taquia  are  commonly  used  for  steaming  and  cooking 
purposes. 

Yareta  moss  is  a  tough  fibrous  plant  that  grows  in  a  hard  com- 
pact mass  of  mushroom  shape,  usually  about  two  feet  in  diameter. 
It  burns  as  fiercely  as  the  peat  of  Ireland  and  is  more  quickly  con- 
sumed, and  is  about  the  only  vegetation  found  in  those  high  altitudes. 

Taquia,  the  droppings  of  the  alpaca  and  llama,  has  an  important 
local  value  as  fuel,  like  the  droppings  of  the  yak  in  the  highlands 
of  Tibet. 

Gathering  yareta  moss  and  taquia,  and  transporting  this  material 
on  the  backs  of  llamas  and  burros,  often  for  long  distances,  is  an 
important  industry  among  the  Indians  of  the  Andean  plateau.  It  is 
a  common  sight  in  such  cities  as  La  Paz  and  Oruro,  Bolivia;  and 
Cuzco,  Peru,  to  see  Indians  peddling  taquia  for  cooking  purposes 
from  baskets  or  sacks  carried  by  llamas  and  burros  from  door  to 
door. 


Show  how  and  why  Latin  America  is  dependent  prin- 
cipally upon  us  for  industrial  power  and  lights. 


In  1918,  we  exported  to  Latin  America  $10,428,000  worth 
of  rubber  manufactures  of  which  63%  was  in  automobile  and 
other  tires;  19%  in  belting,  hose  and  packing;  3%  in  drug- 
gists' sundries;  2%  in  227,456  pairs  of  boots  and  shoes;  and 
the  remaining  13%  in  miscellaneous  articles. 

In  the  same  year,  the  United  States  imported  from  Latin 
America,  crude  rubber  to  the  value  of  $20,588,486  of  which 
Brazil  alone  furnished  70%.  This  large  quantity,  however, 
was  less  than  10%  of  our  total  imports  of  crude  and 
scrap  rubber,  amounting  to  428,963,913  Ibs.  and  valued  at 
$207,562,458. 

Wild  rubber  which  is  gathered  in  practically  every  coun- 
try in  Latin  America,  formerly  constituted  the  world's  chief 
source  of  supply,  but  rapidly  growing  needs  for  rubber  out- 

30 


grew  the  natural  supply  of  accessible  forests.  Unfortunately, 
Latin  America  failed  to  keep  pace  with  these  demands  through 
more  extensive  cultivation  of  the  rubber  tree,  and  leadership 
in  the  production  of  one  of  her  great  natural  products  was 
transferred  from  the  New  World  to  a  distant  part  of  the 
Old  World. 

The  bulk  of  the  world's  rubber  is  produced  by  two  species 
of  trees,  the  Hevea  Braziliensis  and  the  Castilloa,  the  original 
source  of  which  is  the  Amazon  river  region.  It  was  the  seed 
of  the  Hevea,  the  rubber  tree  par  excellence  of  commerce, 
smuggled  out  of  Brazil  in  1876,  which  laid  the  foundation  of 
the  vast  plantation  rubber  industry  in  far-off  Ceylon,  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  Sumatra  and  other  countries  of  the  East 
Indies  where  about  2,000,000  acres  are  now  under  cultivation. 
To-day,  this  plantation  product  dominates  the  world's  rubber 
trade;  but  it  is  not  too  late  for  Latin  America  to  recover  her 
lost  prestige,  as  Brazil  alone  possesses  abundant  ideal  rubber 
lands  that  could  easily  produce  more  rubber  than  the  whole 
world  requires. 

About  300  different  tropical  trees,  vines  and  shrubs  yield  <;uayu|e 
a  liquid  which  contains  rubber,  but  only  a  few  of  these  are  rubber 
commercially  important.  One  of  the  most  interesting  of  them, 
at  least  to  us,  is  the  guayule  shrub  which  has  turned  large 
tracts  of  formerly  waste  lands  in  Mexico  into  highly  profitable 
fields.  This  stunted  bush,  from  one  to  three  feet  high, 
grows  wild  on  the  elevated  plateaus  in  the  northern  part  of 
Mexico.  It  is  also  found  to  some  extent  in  our  states  bodering 
on  Mexico.  This  plant  is  distinct  from  the  rubber  tree  in  that 
its  bark  contains  no  latex,  rubber  itself  being  in  the  cellular 
tissues  of  the  outer  layers  of  its  woody  trunk  and  roots,  and 
found  to  some  extent  in  its  branches  and  leaves.  The  epider- 
mis also  contains  resins  and  essential  oils.  The  plant  is 
crushed  by  machinery,  and  the  rubber  extracted  by  flotation. 
It  yields  an  average  of  12%  of  rubber.  In  1918,  our  imports 
of  guayule  gum  amounted  to  $1,341,000  all  of  which  came  from 
Mexico  except  $4,000  worth  from  Colombia. 

The  growing  scarcity  of  the  guayule  shrub  in  Mexico  has 
led  to  extensive  experiments  in  its  cultivation  in  our  states  on 
the  Mexican  border.  The  result  of  these  recent  experiments 
promise  to  develop  a  new  industry  with  us  of  large  magnitude. 

It  is  found  that  the  wild  plant  takes  at  least  25  years  to 
mature,  whereas  it  can  be  matured  through  scientific  cultiva- 
tion in  4  years,  and  its  average  yield  in  rubber  increased  to  20 
per  cent,  or  more.  The  cultivation  can  be  done  wholly  by 
machinery,  from  planting  the  seed  and  plowing  up  the  plant  at 
maturity,  to  extracting  and  preparing  the  crude  rubber  for  the 
market. 

Extensive  rubber  plantations    in    Texas,    New    Mexico,  Rubber 
Arizona  and  California  are  probabilities  of  the  near  future,   plantation. 
The  economic  importance  of  developing,  on  a  large  scale,  the  *n  tne  **• 

31 


cultivation  of  rubber  in  the  United  States,  is  far-reaching,  not 
only  in  this  new  source  of  productive  wealth,  but  in  solving 
our  present  problem  of  depending  wholly  on  the  outside  world 
for  our  enormous  requirements  of  crude  rubber. 

Para  rubber,  which  commands  the  highest  price  of  all 
™^r  rubbers,  is  so  called  because  the  city  of  Para,  at  the  mouth 

of  the  Amazon,  was  long  the  chief  market  for  South  American 
rubber,  but  Manaos,  on  the  Rio  Negro,  1,000  miles  up  the 
Amazon,  has  succeeded  to  this  honor,  although  Para  is  still  the 
principal  point  of  exportation. 

Caucho  or  the  aboriginal,  cahuchu,  from  which  evidently 
Origin  comes  the  corruption,  caoutchouc,  is  the  earliest  word  applied 

of  "rubber"  to  rubber.  It  was  the  English  scientist,  Priestley,  who  dis- 
covered in  1772,  that  it  would  rub  pencil  marks  from  paper  to 
which  is  attributed  its  name  known  to  us — "rubber". 

The  manufacture  of  rubber  goods  originated  in  the  United 
States;  the  first  great  impetus  being  Charles  Goodyear's  in- 
valuable discovery  at  Woburn,  Mass.,  in  1839,  of  means  to 
vulcanize  rubber — a  simple  process  of  mixing  sulphur  with 
rubber  and  subjecting  it  to  heat. 

Our  leadership  in  rubber  manufactures  has  been  continu- 
ous until  we  now  manufacture  more  rubber  goods  than  the 
balance  of  the  world  combined.  Of  all  articles  imported  into 
the  United  States  free  of  duty,  crude  rubber  is  the  most  valu- 
able ($208,000,000),  and  is  exceeded  only  by  sugar  ($222,000,- 
000)  among  our  dutiable  articles  of  import. 

While  we  are  preeminently  the  largest  consumers  of  rub- 
ber, and  have  hundreds  of  millions  invested  in  its  manufacture, 
our  capital  invested  in  the  production  of  crude  rubber  is  neg- 
ligible. This  vast  industry,  the  annual  output  of  which  has 
reached  a  valuation  of  approximately  ONE  BILLION  DOL- 
LARS, is  at  the  mercy  of  foreign  producers,  controlled  by 
foreign  countries. 

Upon  the  outbreak  of  the  European  war,  the  British 
Government  placed  an  embargo  on  rubber,  much  to  the  em- 
barrassment of  our  rubber  manufacturers  who  were  finally 
permitted  to  obtain  urgently  needed  supplies  of  crude  rubber, 
originating  in  the  East  Indies,  under  an  agreement  with  the 
British  Government  which  embraced  a  warranty  that  none  of 
such  rubber  or  its  products  would  be  disposed  of  to  any  coun- 
try at  war  with  Great  Britain.  The  Allies  and  their  associates 
took  every  precaution  to  prevent  rubber  in  any  form  from 
reaching  the  Central  Powers,  because  of  the  great  importance 
of  rubber  in  warfare. 

The  need  for  rubber  became  so  acute  in  Germany  that 
the  bulk  of  the  return  cargo  of  the  "Deutschland",  the  first 
merchant  submarine  to  visit  our  shores,  was  made  up  of  rub- 
ber. Germany  was  hard  pressed  for  rubber,  necessary  for 
battery  boxes  in  submarines,  for  tires,  hospital  service  and 

32 


many  urgent  army  and  navy  needs.  She  was  forced  to  resort 
to  many  substitutes,  and  finally  made  synthetic  (or  artificial) 
rubber  although  at  almost  prohibitive  cost.  It  is  well  known 
that  artificial  rubber  which  conforms  to  most  of  the  tests  of 
the  natural  product,  can  be  produced  chemically,  but  its  cost 
is  many  times  that  of  natural  rubber. 


Have  classes  report  upon  the  different  methods  of  tap- 
ping rubber  trees,  gathering  and  coagulating  the  latex, 
and  preparing  crude  rubber  for  the  market. 


Paper  and  paper  manufactures  form  one  of  our  large 
items  of  trade  with  Latin  America,  our  sales  to  her,  in  1918, 
being  valued  at  $20,304,000.  We  also  sold  her  wood  pulp 
($834,000),  and  such  paper  stock  employed  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  her  purchases  of  roofing  felt  ($706,000). 

Our  leading  item  of  paper  sales  was  newsprint  ($5,404,- 
000).  When  one  reads  a  Latin  American  newspaper,  his  eyes  Pur 
are  probably  fixed  on  invisible  bits  of  our  northern  forests 
without  even  suspecting  it.  When  one  reads  any  other  Latin 
American  publication,  whether  books,  magazines,  pamphlets, 
catalogs  or  rnusic;  uses  blank  books,  writing  paper  and 
envelopes,  blotting  and  carbon  paper,  wrapping  paper  and 
paper  bags,  cardboard  and  paper  boxes,  paper  towels  and 
napkins;  signs  a  check  or  note,  deed  or  mortgage;  handles 
banknotes,  stocks  and  bonds;  decorates  the  walls  with  paper 
hangings;  plays  a  social  game  of  cards  or  employs  paper  in 
any  form,  anywhere  in  Latin  America,  one  is  apt  to  be  in 
contact  with  the  product  of  our  paper  mills. 

When  visiting  "La  Prensa"  in  Buenos  Ayres,  it  was  gratifying 
to  note  that  this  famous  newspaper  was  using  American-made  news- 
print, and  that  its  mechanical  departments  were  equipped  prin- 
cipally with  our  machines  and  machinery. 

For  magnificence  in  design  and  decoration  of  the  building,  and 
perfection  in  its  equipment  and  appointments,  this  newspaper  plant   ^  great 
is   probably   the   finest   and  best   in   the   world.     "La   Prensa"    (The    new8paper 
Press)   claims  to  have  a  daily  circulation   of  over  300,000  which  is 
far  in  the  lead  of  any  other  Latin  American  newspaper. 

Chemicals,  dyes,  drugs  and  medicines  form  another  large 
item  of  our  exports  to  Latin  America  which,  in  1918,  was  Chemicals, 
nearly  $28,100,000.     Of  this  important  trade,  medicinal  and  dyc»»  *™ 
pharmaceutical  preparations  alone  represent  $5,850,000. 

In  no  line  of  our  large  industries  has  greater  efficiency 
been  shown  and  quicker  response  given  to  the  diversified  and 
greatly  increased  demands  brought  upon  us  by  the  war  than 
in  chemicals,  dyes,  drugs  and  medicines.  Our  total  exports 
of  such  products  leaped  from  a  valuation  of  $26,500,000  in  680% 
1913  to  the  formidable  sum  of  $180,300,000  in  1918;  an  in- 
crease, in  five  years,  of  680  per  cent! 

Our  sales  in  1918  to  Latin  America  alone,  exceeded  by 
$1,600,000  the  value  of  our  entire  exports  of  such  goods  in 
1913. 

33 


War 
creations 


Explosives 


Fertilizers 


Importance 
of  Cement 


Panama 
Canal 


Cement 
ships 


Before  the  war,  we  were  content  to  allow  Germany  to 
maintain  her  grip  on  the  chemical,  dye  and  drug  trade  of  the 
world,  especially  the  Latin  American  field,  but  the  war  has 
created  in  us  a  new  awakening  and  stimulated  us  to  suddenly 
develop,  on  a  large  scale,  a  number  of  important  industries 
that  we  had  heretofore  neglected,  even  to  meet  domestic 
needs. 

Our  new  vision  and  increased  enterprise  will  enable  us 
to  prove  to  Latin  Americans  that  we  can  be  of  as  great  service 
to  them  in  lines  relatively  new  to  us  as  in  old  and  tried  ones. 


Locate  in  your  home  the  articles  of  American  manufac- 
ture which  before  the  World  War  were  usually  made 
abroad. 


Dynamite,  gunpowder,  fuses  and  other  explosives,  exten- 
sively used  in  Latin  American  mining  and  blasting  operations 
are  chiefly  the  products  of  the  United  States,  as  may  be  judged 
by  our  sales  of  these  products,  in  1918,  valued  at  $5,842,000. 
These  sales  do  not  include  $1,000,000  worth  of  loaded  cart- 
ridges, shells  and  projectiles. 

It  is  an  interesting  fatality  that  the  deposits  of  Chilian 
nitrates  are  blasted  out  of  their  repose  of  centuries  by  the 
destructive  force  created  by  these  same  nitrate  fields. 

Chilian  nitrates  probably  formed  an  important  part  in 
the  manufacture  of  our  fertilizers  which  we  sold  to  Latin 
America,  in  1918,  to  the  value  of  $3,865,000. 

In  1918,  we  shipped  to  Latin  America  2,482,336  barrels 
of  hydraulic  cement,  valued  at  $5,675,000. 

There  is  no  material  more  widely  used  in  modern  con- 
struction, whether  in  building  construction  or  public  works; 
none  for  which  Latin  America  will  find  more  increasing  needs, 
and  which  can  be  best  supplied  by  the  United  States,  since 
we  lead  the  world  in  cement  production. 

While  we  do  not  yet  equal  the  ancient  Romans  in  the 
quality  and  durability  of  our  mortar,  we  have  found  that 
cement,  reinforced  with  steel,  is  not  only  cheaper  than  stone, 
but  stronger  and  more  durable. 

Without  the  extensive  use  of  cement  in  building  the 
dams  and  locks  of  the  Panama  Canal,  that  surpassingly  great 
engineering  accomplishment  would  have  been  almost  im- 
possible. 

Years  ago,  Edison  predicted  that  the  time  was  near  at 
hand  when  we  would  be  pouring  cement  into  standardized 
molds  in  the  construction  of  buildings,  rather  than  engage 
the  time  of  architects  and  builders  in  the  many  details  of 
old  methods,  a  prophecy  already  realized  in  many  forms  of 
construction,  even  in  ship-building. 


34 


A  novel  process  of  applying  a  cement,  called  "gunnite", 
to  steel  or  wood  framing,  covered  with  wire  netting,  is  by   "Shooting" 
means  of  a  "cement  gun"  which  squirts  this  sticky  substance   cement 
in  a  stream,  forming  walls  and  roofs  of  buildings  with  great 
rapidity. 


Discuss  the  special  reasons  calling  for  greater  use  of 
cement  construction  in  Latin  America,  especially  in  the 
tropics. 


One  of  our  largest  items  of  export  to  Latin  America  is 
leather  and  leather  manufactures  which,  in   1918,  amounted  American 
to  $28,313,000  of  which  $17,911,000  or  over  63%  of  this  trade   shoes 
was  in  manufactures.     Of  these  manufactures,  $16,516,000  is 
represented  in  the  sale  of  8,387,861  pairs  of  boots,  shoes  and 
slippers.    Of  this  footwear,  3,199,458  pairs  of  boots  and  shoes 
were  for  children,  2,685,457  pairs  for  men,  and  2,429,615  pairs 
for  women,  while  the  73,331  pairs  of  slippers  sold  are  not 
specified. 

These  formidable  sales  not  only  indicate  a  growing  ap- 
preciation of  our  footwear  which  enjoys  a  world-wide  repu- 
tation, but  they  point  to  the  more  gratifying  importance  of 
the  growing  use  of  shoes  throughout  Latin  America. 

In  a  recent  visit  to  Cuba,  I  was  surprised  to  find  prac- 
tically everybody,  even  to  the  little  picaninny  in  rural  dis-   Picjfm?mf8 
tricts,   well    shod.      This   pleasing   transformation    from    the   wc 
time  of  my  previous  visit  to  the  island,  twelve  years  ago, 
when  the  bulk  of  the  native  population,  of  all  ages,  were  still 
in  bare  feet,  is  particularly  encouraging. 

Shoeless    people,   of    whom   there    are    still    millions    in  ^       fect 
tropical  America,  not  only  indicate  a  low  standard  of  living,      menace 
but  they  are  subject,  in  tropical  and  sub-tropical  countries, 
to  hookworm  and  other  diseases. 

The  admirable  work  of  the  International  Health  Bureau 
(Rockefeller  Foundation)  in  Latin  America  to  eradicate  these 
diseases  through  organized  effort  in  educating  the  people  and 
government  officials  in  preventable  causes,  is  of  far  greater 
consequence  in  promoting  American  commerce  than  merely 
creating  an  increased  demand  for  shoes. 

The  more  we  can  help  Latin  Americans  to  improve  their  ds    f 

welfare,  increase  their  purchasing  power  and  enable  them  to     c* 
adopt  a  higher  standard  of  living,  the  less  we  shall  need  to  a 
concern  ourselves  about  improving  our  relations  and  increas- 
ing our  commerce  with  them. 


"American  Shoes"  is  a  familiar  sign  in  every  language 
and  in  every  civilized  country  in  the  world.  How  can 
we  best  maintain  the  fine  reputation  of  our  footwear? 

35 


Latin 

American 
culture 


Attrac- 
tive 
cities 


Throughout  this  study,  we  have  sought  more  to  picture 
the  great  masses  of  the  peoples  of  Latin  America  and  the 
effect  of  our  industry  and  commerce  upon  them;  but  it  must 
not  be  imagined  that  Latin  America  is  one  vast  wilderness, 
inhabited  wholly  by  the  semi-civilized  man  of  the  jungle  and 
others  still  living  in  the  most  primitive  fashion.  Such  at- 
tractive capitals  as  Buenos  Ayres,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Montevideo, 
Santiago,  Lima,  Mexico  City  and  Havana  testify  abundantly 
to  a  high  degree  of  culture  and  refinement  among  a  large 
class  of  Latin  Americans  and  to  their  enjoyment  of  almost 
every  comfort,  convenience  and  luxury  of  modern  life.  Buenos 
Ayres,  the  second  largest  Latin  city  in  the  world,  even  has 
an  up-to-date  subway  system. 

The  larger  cities  of  Latin  America  are  generally  of  a  fine 
type  of  European  architecture  and  adornment,  containing 
splendid  public  and  commercial  buildings,  libraries,  art  gal- 
leries, museums,  hospitals,  schools,  churches,  theatres,  clubs 
and  many  magnificent  homes.  Aesthetic  tastes  and  love  of  the 
beautiful  are  also  shown  in  spacious  avenues,  attractive  plazas 
and  beautiful  parks  and  gardens;  all  tastefully  adorned  and 
splendidly  maintained. 

We  have  no  opera  house  or  theater  comparable  to  the 
Colon  Theater  in  Buenos  Ayres;  none  so  pretentious  in  gor- 
geous decorations  and  exquisite  furnishings  as  the  National 
Theater  in  San  Jose,  built  by  the  Costa  Rican  government  at 
a  cost  of  $1,000,000.  None  of  our  luxurious  city  clubs  can 
compare  in  magnificence  to  the  Jockey  Club  in  Buenos  Ayres. 

Latin  Americans  have  a  passionate  love  for  music  and 
song,  an  inheritance  from  their  romantic  Latin  ancestry,  in- 
tensified by  nature's  charm  in  the  warmth  of  climate  and 
luxuriant  vegetation  of  Tropical  America.  An  orchestra  or 
band  plays  regularly  for  the  enjoyment  of  the  public,  after- 
noons or  evenings,  usually  in  the  principal  plaza  of  almost 
every  town  of  any  consequence.  In  capital  cities  or  other 
towns  where  there  is  a  garrison,  a  military  band  usually  fur- 
nishes the  music,  but  in  other  cities  and  towns  it  is  supplied 
by  the  municipality  or  some  private  organization. 

The  musical  education  of  children  is  rarely  neglected; 
the  instruction  or  boys  being  considered  almost  as  important 
as  that  of  girls. 

The  guitar  is  more  commonly  seen  there  than  are  banjos 
in  our  Southern  States.  It  is  universally  used  as  an  accom- 
paniment to  sentimental  songs  in  the  peculiar  Spanish  rhythm 
typified  in  "La  Paloma",  and  frequently  heard  in  serenades  to 
some  admired  Sefiorita  in  the  stillness  of  the  night. 

I   have   frequently   found   our   phonographs   and   player 
pianos  furnishing  the  most  enjoyable  form  of  entertainment 
phonographs  during  long  voyages  on  coastal  and  inland  steamers,  on  the 
farm  and  ranch,  and  at  mining  and  timber  camps;  grinding 

36 


out  at  remote  places  in  Latin  America,  all  classes  of  music, 
from  ragtime  to  classical  operas,  and  all  kinds  of  songs  and 
quality  of  voices,  from  amusing  coon  songs  to  the  thrilling 
voice  of  Caruso;  songs,  too,  of  the  concert  hall  and  street,  in 
Spanish  and  English,  from  "La  Golondrina"  to  "A  Little  Bit 
of  Heaven";  from  "La  Mattchiche"  to  "Hello  Broadway". 

In  1918,  we  participated  in  gratifying  Latin  America's 
musical  tastes  through  sales  to  her  of  musical  instruments, 
records  and  perforated  music  rolls,  to  the  value  of  $2,630,000,  instrument* 
not  including  a  quantity  of  printed  music,  the  value  of  which 
is  not  accessible.  Our  sales  of  musical  instruments  included 
4,142  pianos,  1,770  player  pianos,  369  organs  and  17,637  phono- 
graphs, graphophones,  and  gramophones. 

Another  evidence  of  the  aesthetic  tastes  of  Latin  Ameri- 
cans is.  disclosed  through  our  sales  to  them,  in  1918,  of  black- 
ing and  polishes  to  the  value  of  $652,000!  While  these  sales 
include  metal  and  other  polishes,  much  the  larger  part  of  them 
was  material  employed  in  cleaning  and  polishing  shoes. 

True  to  Spanish  custom,'  Latin  Americans  are  generally 
more  careful  than  ourselves  in  maintaining  a  high  polish  on 
their  shoes,  although  often  to  the  neglect  of  other  parts  of 
their  wearing  apparel. 

In  Spain,  it  is  not  uncommon  to  see  a  man  shabbily 
dressed,  yet  with  a  glistening  polish  on  shoes  badly  in  need 
of  repair.  Shoeshining  is  a  striking  specialty  of  the  Spaniard. 
I  do  not  know  of  any  country  whose  people  of  all  classes  give 
such  scrupulous  care  to  polishing  their  shoes  as  in  Spain. 
"Limpia-botas"  (shoe-black)  is  one  of  the  most  common  street 
signs  in  the  cities  of  Spain  where,  in  well-appointed  shoeshin- 
ing  places,  one  obtains  the  best  of  shoeshines  at  the  standard 
price  of  10  centavos  (2  cents)  to  which  one  is  expected  to  add 
a  tip  of  one  cent. 

In  Latin  American  cities,  the  price  of  a  shoeshine  usually 
ranges  from  the  equivalent  of  two  to  five  cents,  but  I  was  Havana 
fairly  staggered  at  Havana  when  asked  to  pay  20  cents  for  Shoe»hmet 
cleaning  a  pair  of  ordinary  low  white  canvas  shoes,  such  as 
are  commonly  worn  there.  With  the  desire  to  be  convinced 
that  there  was  nothing  about  my  manner  or  attire  in  a  Palm 
Beach  suit,  Panama  hat  and  canvas  shoes,  and  without  flashing 
a  "headlight"  or  having  other  exterior  trace  of  affluence,  to 
warrant  being  taken  for  a  multimillionario  or  one  of  our  reck- 
less spendthrifts,  I  inquired  the  price  at  several  shoeshining 
stands  in  a  stroll  down  the  Prado,  only  to  be  assured  at  each 
of  the  American-made  oak  brass-trimmed  outfits  that  veinte 
centavos  (20  cents)  was  current,  but  they  thought  it  insuffi- 
cient compensation. 


Have  a  class  match  on  the  articles  in  which  cotton  is 
used,  requiring  each  pupil  to  name  at  least  five. 


37 


King 
Cotton 


Future 
cotton 

fields 


u.  s. 

produces 
75%  of 
world's 
cotton 


Cotton 

manufac- 
tures 


Thanks  to  mechanical  inventions  and  our  enormous  pro- 
duction of  cotton,  it  is  the  most  widely  used  staple  in  the 
world;  not  only  in  cotton  fabrics,  but  in  such  as  is  mixed 
with  wool,  linen  and  silk.  Cotton  enters  into  an  endless 
number  of  manufactures,  and  is  of  great  value  in  medicine, 
surgery,  dentistry,  many  arts  and  sciences,  and  in  the  pro- 
duction of  that  high  explosive,  gun-cotton.  Moreover,  its 
seeds  furnish  oil  and  meal  of  great  industrial  value,  and  uses 
are  even  found  for  the  stems  and  leaves  of  the  plant. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  overestimate  the  beneficence  of 
the  cotton  plant  as  an  agent  of  civilization. 

Measured  in  dollars,  cotton  is  usually  the  most  valuable 
agricultural  product  of  the  United  States,  with  the  single 
exception  of  corn,  despite  the  fact  that  its  cultivation  is  con- 
fined to  our  Southern  States,  while  corn  is  produced  in  every 
state  of  the  Union. 

Most  of  the  countries  of  Latin  America  have  large  areas 
well  suited  to  growing  cotton,  but  its  cultivation  there  has 
not  yet  assumed  much  importance,  except  in  Brazil,  Peru 
and  Mexico. 

Latin  America  has  made  even  slower  progress  in  cotton 
manufactures.  The  bulk  of  her  cotton  mills  are  in  Brazil  and 
Mexico,  but  they  make  only  the  coarser  grade  of  cloths,  and 
supply  but  a  small  part  of  domestic  requirements.  Latin 
America  is  only  beginning  to  pass  through  the  same  process 
of  evolution  in  cotton  manufactures  through  which  we  passed 
and  are  still  passing,  and  it  will  likely  be  many  years  before 
she  even  approaches  what  we  have  accomplished  in  this  line. 

In  the  meantime,  as  the  United  States  produces  about 
three-fourths  of  the  world's  cotton,  Latin  America  must  nec- 
essarily depend  upon  us  for  the  greater  part  of  the  cotton 
necessary  for  her  large  requirements  of  textiles,  whether  such 
fabrics  be  made  by  herself,  ourselves  or  other  nations. 

Divided  into  great  groups,  and  measured  in  dollars,  textiles 
form  Latin  America's  most  important  item  of  imported  finished 
manufactures.  Until  recent  years,  we  have  taken  relatively 
small  part  in  this  large  trade,  owing  to  the  strain  upon  our 
productive  capacity  to  keep  pace  with  our  enormously  in- 
creasing domestic  demands  in  these  lines.  But  there  is  no 
nation  so  fortunately  situated  and  so  abundantly  capable  to 
dominate  this  tremendous  trade  as  the  United  States,  espe- 
cially in  cotton  goods.  Our  rapidly  growing  progress  is  indi- 
cated by  our  sales  of  cotton  and  cotton  manufactures  alone, 
in  1918,  to  the  value  of  $91,600,000!  These  sales  include, 
however,  raw  cotton,  cotton  linters,  mill  waste  and  rags, 
valued  at  $2,426,000;  the  remaining  sum  being  for  yarns, 
threads,  cloths,  knit  goods,  laces,  embroideries  and  other 
cotton  manufactures. 


38 


There  is  an  ever  increasing  demand  for  fabrics,  not  only 
in  Latin  America  but  all  over  the  world,  owing  to  constantly 
increasing  population  and  the  rising  standard  of  living. 

Just  imagine  the  increased  demand  for  cotton  cloth  that 
would  be  created  by  every  woman  and  girl  in  Latin  America  Our  effect 
requiring  one  more  petticoat  a  year  or  by  every  man  wanting  on  the 
a  nightshirt!     Fancy  the  strain  on  our  productive  capacity  if  worW* 
every  Chinaman  and  Russian  were  to  suddenly  demand  an-  wardrobe 
other  cotton  shirt! 

The  war  of  1812  gave  us  the  first  real  stimulation  in  home 
manufactures,  and  the  development  of  textile  industries  was 
particularly  rapid.  In  1800,  our  cotton  mills  consumed  but 
500  bales  of  cotton;  in  1810  the  consumption  had  grown  to 
10,000  bales;  but  by  1815  our  mills  were  consuming  90,000 
bales.  Since  1815,  our  textile  industries  have  steadily  grown, 
and  enormously  during  the  World  War,  until  our  domestic 
consumption  of  cotton  is  about  6,500,000  bales  annually. 

In  1913,  we  exported  9,521,881  bales  or  about  67%  of 
the  year's  crop ;  while  in  1917  our  exports  dropped  to  4,528,844 
bales  or  40%  of  the  year's  production.  While  this  large  sud- 
den decrease  was  due,  in  part,  to  embargoes  placed  on  our 
cotton,  it  was  the  first  year  since  the  Civil  War  in  which  we 
exported  less  than  half  of  our  great  production  of  raw  cotton. 


Make  a  spot  map  of  the  United  States  showing  from  which 
points  our  industries  affect  the  daily  life  of  Latin  America. 


Following  the  war  of  1812  and  until  recent  years,  our 
thoughts  and  interests  were  turned  from  foreign  trade  to  our 
great  domestic  expansion.  We  allowed  our  ships  which  domi- 
nated  the  seas  of  the  world  a  century  ago,  to  all  but  disappear,  theflag 
and  otherwise  displayed  lack  of  interest  in  a  larger  and 
broader  development  of  foreign  markets  for  our  goods.  But 
another  and  greater  war  has  again  changed  the  trend  of  our 
thoughts  and  revived  our  interest  in  foreign  trade,  stimulating 
our  tardy  purpose  to  reinstate  "Old  Glory"  to  its  rightful 
importance  on  the  high  seas. 

Among  our  plans  and  purposes  for  greatly  enlarged  ac- 
tivities throughout  the  world,  none  should  be  pursued  with 
greater  energy,  and  in  a  broader  and  more  liberal  spirit,  than 
the  cultivation  of  mutual  helpfulness  in  eur  relations  with 
Latin  America;  leading  to  a  spontaneous  feeling  of  inter- 
dependence and  solidarity  of  interests  among  the  peoples 
of  the  New  World. 


39 


Notes  on  the  Table* 

The  summary  of  our  commerce  with  Latin  America  in  1913 
and  v  1918,  by  individual  countries  and  groups  of  countries,  is 
presented  on  page  45,  in  a  form  not  found  in  any  other  publi- 
cation. Facts  are  given  for  three  natural  geographical  groups 
— Mexico  and  Central  America,  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America — and  for  all  of  them  combined,  which  it  is  felt  will 
prove  the  most  rational  and  helpful  form  for  business  men  and 
students  in  their  study  of  this  rapidly  growing  trade.  This 
and  other  tables  and  statements  with  reference  to  our  foreign 
commerce  are  compiled  from  data  contained  in  Foreign  Com- 
merce and  Navigation  of  the  United  States,  published  by  the 
Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  of  the  Department 
of  Commerce.  This  annual  statistical  publication  of  our  for- 
eign commerce  is  for  fiscal  years  ending  June  30,  which  is  the 
period  referred  to  throughout  this  pamphlet  instead  of  calendar 
years. 

The  Pan  American  Union  distributes  a  large  variety  of 
instructive  and  interesting  information  concerning  the  twenty 
Latin  American  republics  and  our  trade  relations  with  them. 
While  this  valuable  service  covers  the  bulk  of  the  vast  terri- 
tory embraced  in  the  geographical  term,  Latin  America,  sta- 
tistics of  the  trade  of  the  United  States  with  Latin  America 
are  necessarily  incomplete  without  adding  our  commerce  with 
the  British,  French  and  Dutch  possessions  within  that  terri- 
tory. The  absence  of  this  information  from  the  published 
statistics  of  the  Pan  American  Union  is  no  reflection,  how- 
ever, on  that  splendid  organization,  as  the  scope  of  its  service 
is  confined  to  such  countries  as  compose  its  membership — 
the  American  republics. 

While  Porto  Rico  is  properly  a  part  of  Latin  America,  its 
trade  is  not  included  because  this  island  is  domestic  territory. 
It  is  shown  separately,  however,  at  the  foot  of  the  table.  The 
trade  of  Porto  Rico  has  greatly  increased  since  that  charming 
island  became  United  States  territory.  In  1918,  its  total  im- 
ports were  $63,389,000  and  its  exports  $74,294,000.  This  total 
trade  of  $137,683,000,  over  90%  of  which  was  with  continental 
United  States,  shows  an  increase  of  $51,679,000,  or  60%  over 
that  of  1913. 

Our  trade  with  the  Virgin  Islands  of  the  United  States  is 
included  in  the  tables  because  these  islands  are  of  such  recent 
acquisition,  and  it  seems  desirable  to  compare  our  trade  with 
them  in  1918  with  that  of  1913,  when  they  still  belonged  to 
Denmark.  On  January  17,  1917,  the  date  of  the  treaty  of 
sale,  these  islands  passed  under  full  sovereignty  of  the  United 
States,  but  we  did  not  take  formal  possession  of  them  until 
March  31,  1917.  While  this  group  is  composed  of  about  fifty 
islands,  only  three  of  them — St.  Thomas,  St.  John  and  St. 
Croix — are  of  sufficient  size  to  be  known  by  name  to  any  but 
geographers  and  local  inhabitants.  These  three  islands  have 
a  combined  area  of  only  132  square  miles  or  84,480  acres. 

40 


The  fancy  price  of  $25,000,000  paid  for  this  group  of  islands 
is  a  larger  sum  than  was  ever  paid  for  any  of  our  terri- 
torial acquisitions,  not  excepting  the  Louisiana  purchase 
($15,000,000),  Mexican  cession  ($18,250,000),  Gadsden  pur- 
chase ($10,000,000),  Alaska  ($7,200,000),  and  the  Philippine 
Islands,  Porto  Rico,  etc.  ($20,100,000).  We  would  have 
acquired  the  Danish  West  Indies  in  1902  for  the  agreed  price 
of  $5,000,000  but  for  a  tie  vote  in  the  Landsthing  or  upper 
house  of  the  Danish  Parliament,  thus  defeating  by  this  narrow 
margin  the  treaty  already  agreed  to  by  the  Folkething  or 
popular  house,  and  ratified  by  the  United  States  Senate. 

The  table  on  page  45  includes  our  exports  of  foreign  mer- 
chandise to  the  value  of  $16,308,000,  but  it  does  not  include 
any  of  the  transit  or  transshipment  trade  with  Latin  America. 
In  1918,  the  value  of  goods  in  this  trade,  passing  through  the 
United  States  to  and  from  Latin  America,  was  $81,370,000. 
Neither  does  it  include  the  traffic  in  gold  and  silver,  including 
coins,  of  which  our  imports  from  Latin  America,  in  1918, 
amounted  to  $76,646,000  and  our  exports  to  her  $54,628,000. 

The  increased  values  in  our  commerce  with  Latin  America 
in  1918  over  those  of  1913  show  the  following  percentages: 
Imports  128.3%,  exports  122.5%  and  total  trade  125.8%. 
These  gratifying  results  must  not  be  taken,  however,  at  their 
face  value,  as  there  are  two  important  ways  in  which  dollar 
totals,  statistically  stated,  are  inaccurate  indexes  of  trade 
growth:  (1)  Prices  in  1918  were  so  much  higher  than  in 
1913  that  the  same  quantity  of  goods  must  be  described  in 
far  larger  number  of  dollars.  The  Pan  American  Union  states 
that  an  average  increase  of  50%  in  the  price  of  goods  im- 
ported from  Latin  America  and  80%  in  the  price  of  our  goods 
exported  to  her  is  a  conservative  estimate  of  current  prices  in 
1918  as  compared  with  pre-war  prices.  (2)  Customhouse 
valuations  in  the  foreign  trade  statistics  of  all  countries  are 
generally  less  than  real  commercial  values.  The  Pan  Ameri- 
can Union  estimates  that  the  value  of  our  imports  from  Latin 
America  is  understated  from  15  to  20%  ($157,000,000  to 
$209,000,000),  and  our  exports  to  Latin  America  from  10  to 
12%  ($76,00,000  to  $91,000,000).  In  applying  these  important 
factors,  using  the  lowest  estimates  above,  we  find  that  the 
real  comparative  increases  from  an  industrial  point  of  view, 
by  which  we  mean  quantities,  based  upon  similar  prices  of 
goods  in  1913  and  1918,  is  but  52%  in  our  imports,  24%  in  our 
exports  and  39%  in  our  total  trade  with  Latin  America. 

Going  back  two  decades  into  the  official  statistics  of  our 
commerce  with  Latin  America,  we  find  the  following  inter- 
esting comparison  with  our  trade  in  1918  at  each  5-year 
period : 

Imports  Exports  Total  Trade  Increase 

Increase  over   1913. .  .$586,936,000  $418,526,000  $1,005,462,000  125.81% 

Increase   over   1908...  757,308,000  523,585,000  1,280,893,000  244.59% 

Increase  over   1903...  803,463,000  630,887,000  1,434,350,000  387,42% 

Increase  over   1898...  896,175,000  674,355,000  1,570,530,000  671.01% 

41 


The  table  on  page  47  shows  that  in  1913  we  already  en- 
joyed a  much  larger  per  capita  trade  with  Latin  America 
($9.63)  than  with  any  other  large  division  of  the  world,  with 
the  single  exception  of  British  North  America  (Dominion  of 
Canada,  Newfoundland,  Labrador  and  Bermuda). 

The  table  on  page  46  shows  that  Latin  America's  per 
capita  trade  with  us  jumped  to  $20.40  ($21.50,  including 
Porto  Rico)  in  1918.  Had  her  per  capita  trade  with  us 
equalled  that  of  Cuba  ($199,80),  the  value  of  our  total  trade 
with  her  would  have  been  over  nine  times  as  great,  an  in- 
crease of  $16,000,000,000 ! 

Had  the  per  capita  trade  of  the  world  with  us  in  1918 
equalled  that  of  Latin  America  ($21.50),  the  value  of  our 
total  foreign  commerce  would  have  been  $35,475,000,000  in- 
stead of  $8,865,000,000.  Had  it  been  possible  for  the  per 
capita  trade  of  the  world  with  us  to  equal  that  of  Cuba,  it 
would  have  amounted  to  the  colossal  sum  of  $330,000,000,000 ! 
These  statements  are  predicated  upon  the  world's  estimated 
population  in  1918  (outside  of  the  United  States)  of  1,650,- 
000,000.  But  a  foreign  trade  of  such  fantastic  magnitude 
defies  all  present  calculations,  as  it  is  about  six  times  greater 
than  the  approximate  value  of  the  combined  international 
trade  of  the  world. 

Students  will  find  the  table  on  page  48,  showing  the  dis- 
tribution of  our  foreign  commerce  with  the  principal  countries 
of  the  world  and  by  world  divisions,  and  the  value  and  per- 
centage increase  or  decrease  with  each  in  1918  over  1913,  of 
special  interest  at  this  time,  as  it  discloses  the  effect  of  the 
World  War  on  the  changed  course  and  volume  of  our  trade 
with  the  different  parts  of  the  world. 

During  the  titanic  struggle  in  Europe,  the  productive 
forces  there,  of  both  belligerent  and  neutral  countries,  were 
centered  in  supplying  war  necessities  and  essential  domestic 
needs.  Europe  had  relatively  little  to  sell  us,  whereas  she 
clamored  for  almost  everything  that  we  could  send  her,  espe- 
cially munitions,  war  materials  and  necessities  of  all  kinds. 
After  the  United  States  entered  the  war,  we  poured  goods 
and  materials  into  Europe  in  such  tremendous  volume  as  to 
amaze  even  ourselves.  The  raw  products  of  Latin  America 
contributed  immensely  towards  making  this  possible. 

The  markets  of  the  Central  Powers  (Germany,  Austria- 
Hungary,  Turkey  and  Bulgaria)  were  almost  closed  to  us 
through  blockades  and  embargoes  following  the  outbreak  of 
the  war.  After  we  entered  the  war  these  markets  were 
entirely  cut  off,  except  such  small  shipments  (principally 
with  Turkey  in  Asia)  which  for  various  reasons  were  author- 
ized. Thus  it  was  that  our  imports  from  Europe  fell  off  in 
1918,  as  compared  to  1913,  nearly  54%,  and  our  exports  to 
her  increased  over  152%.  In  normal  times  more  than  half 
of  the  value  of  our  entire  imports  come  from  Europe,  whereas 
in  1918  she  contributed  but  14%  of  them.  Europe  took,  how- 
ever, 63%  of  the  value  of  our  entire  exports  in  1918,  and  70% 
of  them  in  1917  and  1916. 

42 


As  the  United  States  had  become  the  greatest  source  and 
principal  entrepot  of  war  and  world  needs,  we  were  ransacking 
the  remotest  corners  of  the  globe  for  hides  and  skins,  tanning 
and  dyeing  materials,  crude  rubber,  oils  and  fats,  certain 
metals,  edible  substances,  wool,  fibers  and  all  other  useful 
raw  products  for  manufacture  or  preparation,  necessary  to  the 
sudden  enormous  expansion  of  our  manufacturing  capacity. 
Our  production  grew  to  such  unprecedented  extent  as  to  be 
in  the  unique  position  of  virtually  rationing  the  world  with 
many  of  its  essential  requirements,  in  such  measure  as  war 
necessities  and  our  own  domestic  needs  permitted,  and  de- 
pendent always  on  the  problem  of  ocean  transportation,  a 
difficulty  not  yet  overcome. 

In  view  of  our  commanding  position  as  the  largest  market, 
the  greatest  manufacturing  center  and  at  the  same  time  the 
money  center  of  the  world,  a  combination  of  power  and 
opportunities  unique  in  the  history  of  any  nation,  it  is  not 
surprising  that  our  foreign  commerce  was  given  such  tremen- 
dous impetus  during  the  war,  and  that  our  imports  from  such 
parts  of  the  world  where  we  could  buy  raw  materials — Latin 
America,  British  North  America,  Asia,  Oceania,  and  Africa — 
exceeded  our  exports.  The  increase  in  our  trade  with  China, 
Hongkong,  Japan,  Russia  in  Asia,  the  East  Indies,  Philippine 
Islands,  Australasia,  and  parts  of  Africa,  is  particularly 
striking.  Seventy-three  per  cent,  of  our  trade  with  "all  other 
countries"  was  due  to  various  countries  of  Asia  and  Oceania, 
principally  Chinese  territory  leased  to  Japan.  This  trade 
with  "all  other  countries"  is  distributed  among  the  divisions 
of  the  world  to  which  each  country  belongs,  and  accounted 
for  in  the  summary  of  "distribution  by  world  divisions." 

Let  us  conclude  with  further  evidence  that  we  can  no 
longer  afford  to  underestimate  the  importance  of  Latin  Am- 
erica to  us.  Of  the  value  of  our  entire  imports  in  1918 
($2,946,000,000),  35.45%  came  from  Latin  America,  as  com- 
pared to  25.23%  in  1913;  of  the  value  of  our  entire  exports 
($5,920,000,000),  12.84%  went  to  Latin  America,  as  compared 
to  13.86%  in  1913 ;  and  of  the  value  of  our  total  foreign  com- 
merce ($8,865,000,000),  20.36%  was  with  Latin  America,  as 
compared  to  18.68%  in  1913. 

Of  the  increase  in  value  of  our  entire  foreign  commerce  in 
1918  over  1913  ($4,586,474,000),  51.82%  of  the  imports,  12.12% 
of  the  exports  and  21.92%  of  the  whole  was  due  to  Latin 
America. 

These  facts  accentuate  the  opening  paragraphs  of  this 
pamphlet  and  the  evidence  in  How  Latin  America  Affects  Our 
Daily  Life  that  we  have  greater  need  of  Latin  America  than 
she  has  of  us,  a  need  that  will  grow  apace  with  the  coming 
years.  Our  ever  growing  requirements  of  Latin  American 
products  also  emphasize  the  importance  of  the  United  States 
to  Latin  America  as  the  most  convenient,  largest  and  best 
market  in  the  world  for  her  products. 
Plandome,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  W.  J.  DANGAIX 

September  16,  1919 

43 


OUR  SALES  TO  LATIN  AMERICA— 1918 

These  exports  are  confined  to  domestic  products  and  manu- 
factures, including  commodities  of  foreign  origin  which 
have  been  changed  from  the  form  in  which  they  were 
imported,  or  enhanced  in  value  by  further  manufacture  in 
the  United  States,  such  as  sugar  refined  from  imported  raw 
sugar,  and  articles  and  utensils  made  from  imported  ma- 
terials. The  figures  do  not  include  strictly  foreign  merchan- 
dise of  which  we  exported  to  Latin  America,  in  the  same 
period,  to  the  value  of  $16,308,116,  or  gold  and  silver,  includ- 
ing coins,  to  the  value  of  $54,628,518.  The  period  is  for  the 
fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1918. 

1.  Metals   and   metal   manufactures $195,649,274 

2.  Foodstuffs   and   feedstuffs 135,439,665 

3.  Cotton,  wool  and  silk  and  their  manufactures 102,018,032 

4.  Non-metallic  minerals  and  their  manufactures 41,578,470 

5.  Mineral,    vegetable    and    animal    oils 40,439,090 

6.  Automobiles,  cars,  wagons  and  other  vehicles 32,399,066 

7.  Leather    and    leather    manufactures 28,313,544 

8.  Wood,   lumber  and  wood  manufactures 28,232,389 

9.  Chemicals,  dyes,  drugs  and  medicines 28,094,584 

10.  Paper   and   paper   manufactures 20,304,262 

11.  Rubber    manufactures 10,427,819 

12.  Binder  twine,   cordage  and  other  fiber  manufactures  10,223,568 

13.  Soaps  and  greases 8,733,611 

14.  Paints,  varnishes,  inks,  glue,  paste  and  polishes 8,344,826 

15.  Cartridges,  gunpowder,  dynamite  and  other  explosives  6,841,615 

16.  Agricultural  machinery  and  implements 5,651,713 

17.  Candles,  paraffin  and  wax 5,039,839 

18.  Fertilizers    3,864,668 

19.  Naval  Stores    (rosin,   turpentine  and  pitch) 3,781,760 

20.  Musical    instruments ' 2,629,983 

21.  Live  animals  (cattle,  horses,  mules,  hogs,  etc.) 2,290,378 

22.  Wines,  beers,  liquors  and  other  beverages 2,143,972 

23.  Tobacco  and  tobacco  manufactures 2,140,995 

24.  Photographic  goods   (including  motion-picture  films)  1,944,793 

25.  Surgical    and    scientific    instruments    and    appliances  1,793,648 

26.  Perfumeries,  cosmetics  and  other  toilet  preparations      1,494,426 

27.  Hats  and  hat  materials 1,119,399 

28.  Miscellaneous  (50  items,  each  less  than  $1,000,000)..     12,973,011 


Total. . ..-  .$743,908,400 


Students  should  try  to  translate  these  already  great  totals 
into  local  terms  such  as  the  number  of  days  of  work  in- 
volved, number  of  animals,  of  automobiles,  harvesters, 
loaves  of  bread,  etc. 


44 


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45 


Population  and  Per  Capita  Commerce  of 

Latin  America  with  the  U.  S.  A.  for  the 

fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1918 


Countries 

Estimated 
Population 
in  1918 

Per  Capita  Commerce 
with  the  U.  S. 

Sales 
to  us 

Pur- 
chases 
from  us 

Total 
Trade 
with  us 

Mexico  

15,500,000 
45,000 
450,000 
2,100,000 
600,000 
700,000 
400,000 
1,500,000 

$9.07 
5.25 
16.92 
3.72 
9.06 
6.56 
19.61 
4.58 

$6.91 
53.78 
4.23 
2.65 
7.70 
6.25 
59.10 
2.32 

$15.98 
59.03 
21.15 
6.37 
16.76 
12.81 
78.71 
6.90 

British  Honduras  

Costa  Rica  

Guatemala  

Honduras  

Nicaragua 

Panama  

Salvador  

Mexico  and  Central  America..  .  . 

21,295,000 

$8.60 

$7.19 

$15.79 

Barbados  (British)  

200,000 
900,000 
400,000 
400,000 
2,500,000 
30,000 
800,000 
60,000 
400,000 
2,000,000 

3.42 
3.65 
17.86 
7.52 
105.61 
51.40 
10.00 
17.61 
.31 
2.41 

13.50 
8.70 
17.50 
13.47 
94.19 
60.25 
20.01 
27.05 
15.95 
4.18 

16.92 
12.35 
35.36 
20.99 
199.80 
111.65 
30.01 
44.66 
16.26 
6.59 

Jamaica  (British)  

Trinidad  and  Tobago  (British)  

Other  British  islands 

Cuba  

Virgin  Islands  (of  the  U.  S.) 

Dominican  Republic  

Dutch  islands  

French  islands  

Haiti  

West  Indies  (except  Porto  Rico) 

7,690,000 

$38.20 

$38.05 

$76.25 

Argentina 

9,000,000 
3,000,000 
25,000,000 
5,000,000 
5,500,000 
1,600,000 
4,000 
320,000 
100,000 
50,000 
800,000 
4,600,000 
1,500,000 
3,000,000 

21.74 
.04 
4.54 
28.21 
4.72 
6.80 
100.00 
1.14 
9.72 
.10 
.09 
9.04 
15.69 
4.43 

12.15 
1.19 
2.65 
12.71 
2.00 
3.08 
76.25 
16.46 
9.82 
14.24 
.84 
4.78 
12.04 
2.61 

33.89 
1.23 
7.19 
40.92 
6.72 
9.88 
176.25 
17.60 
19.54 
14.34 
.93 
13.82 
27.73 
7.04 

Bolivia  . 

Brazil  .  . 

Chile  

Colombia  

Ecuador  

Falkland  Islands  (British)  

Guiana  —  British 

Dutch 

French. 

Paraguay.  . 

Peru  

Uruguay  

Venezuela  

South  American  Countries  

59,474,000 

$9.54 

$5.28 

$14.82 

Total  Latin  America    

88,459,000 

1,250,000 

$11.81 

52.41 

$8.59 
46.20 

$20.40 

98.61 

Porto  Rico  

Latin  America  (with  Porto  Rico) 

89,709,000 

$12.37 

$9.13 

$21.50 

46 


Commerce,  Per  Capita,  of  the  Principal  Countries 

of  the  World   (except  separate  Latin  American 

Countries)  with  the  United  States  in  the  Last 

Pre-War  Year— 1913 

The  list  includes  all  countries  whose  total 
trade  with  us  was  over  $2,000,000.  Popula- 
tion estimates  are  from  the  Statesman's 
Year  Book,  except  those  for  Lathi  America 


Countries 

T7«  *  *  «.  «  *  «4 

£!«St  UT13  1  6Q 

Population 
in  1913 

Per  Capita  Trade  With  the  U.  S. 

Sales 
to  us 

Purchases 
from  us 

Total  trade 
with  us 

1.    Bermuda  (British)  

20,000 

50,000 
7,800,000 
750,000 
500,000 
6,200,000 
250,000 
46,000,000 
7,700,000 
4,800,000 
1,200,000 
2,800,000 
67,500,000 
40,000,000 
2,500,000 
3,800,000 
2,000,000 
8,800,000 
5,600,000 
35,000,000 
53,000,000 
20,000,000 
7,000,000 
6,000,000 
12,000,000 
3,000,000 
4,300,000 
52,000,000 
19,000,000 
38,000,000 
141,000,000 
7,500,000 
8,000,000 
315,000,000 
40,000,000 
26,000,000 
325,000,000 
27,000,000 

$24.16 
36.59 
15.46 
47.61 
8.04 
6.16 
4.60 
6.43 
5.47 
2.28 
3.65 
1.08 
2.80 
3.42 
3.37 
6.12 
4.96 
2.39 
1.99 
.55 
.73 
.16 
.79 
.15 
1.66 
.04 
.72 
.37 
.64 
.11 
.19 
.05 
.05 
.21 
.15 
.03 
.12 
.09 

$73.32 
32.76 
53.26 
4.81 
20.86 
20.32 
19.55 
12.98 
8.68 
9.03 
7.57 
6.67 
4.91 
3.65 
3.35 
.22 
1.11 
2.88 
2.16 
2.18 
1.09 
1.57 
.07 
.69 
.14 
1.20 
.28 
.45 
.06 
.50 
.18 
.32 
.28 
.04 
.08 
.16 
.07 
.04 

$97.48 
69.35 
68.72 
52.42 
28.90 
26.48 
24.15 
19.41 
14.15 
11.31 
11.22 
7.75 
7.71 
7.07 
6.72 
6.34 
6.07 
5.27 
4.15 
3.73 
2.82 
2.73 
1.86 
1.84 
1.80 
1.24 
1.00 
.82 
.70 
.61 
.37 
.37 
.33 
.25 
.23 
.19 
.19 
.13 

===== 

$68.01 
9.63 
5.12 
.60 
.42 

2.    Aden  (British) 

3.    Canada 

4.    Straits  Settlements  
5.    Hongkong  (British)  

6.    Netherlands  

7.    Newfoundland  &  Labrador 
8.    United  Kingdom  (Br.  Is.) 
9.    Belgium 

10.    Australia 

11.    New  Zealand 

12.    Denmark  

13.    Germany  

14.    France 

15.    Norway 

16.    Switzerland 

17.    Turkey  in  Europe 

18.    Philippine  Islands 

19.    Sweden. 

20.    Italy  

21.    Japan  

22.    Spain  

23  .    All  other  Br  .  East  Indies  .  . 
24.    Portugal 

25.    Egypt  

26.    Finland  

27.    Greece  

28.    Austria-Hungary.  .  .  . 

29.    Turkey  in  Asia  

30.    British  Africa  

31.    Russia  in  Europe 

32.    Roumania  .  .  . 

33.    Portuguese  Africa 

34.    British  India  

35.    Dutch  East  Indies  

36.    French  Africa  

37.    China  (exc.  leased  parts)  .  . 
38.    Russia  in  Asia 

British  North  America    . 

8,000,000 
83,000,000 

463,000,000 
850,000,000 
132,000,000 

$15.28 
5.51. 
1.93 
.37 
.20 

$52.73 
4.12 

3.19 
.23 
.22 

Latin  America  

Europe  

Asia  and  Oceania 

Africa  

The  Outside  World  

1,536,000,000 

$1.18 

$1.60 

$2.78 

47 


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Items  not  commented  upon  in  the  text, 
for  want  of  space 

Nos.  19  and  21  to  27,  inclusive,  of  our  classified  sales  on  page  44; 
and  the  following  which  are  included  in  other  items  of  that  table: 

Paints   and  varnishes $6,616,000 

Toilet    and    other    soaps 6,282,000 

Glass   and   glassware    5,950,000 

Cottonseed,  corn  and  other  vegetable  oils 5,796,000 

Wool   manufactures    5,556,000 

Earthenware,  stoneware  and  chinaware 2,654,000 

Silk   manufactures    2,378,000 

Asbestos  manufactures  794,000 

Printers'   and   other   inks    669,000 

Salt    593,000 

Artificial  silk  manufactures    423,000 

Glue,   mucilage   and   paste 409,000 

Stone,  marble  and  grindstones 408,000 

Emery  wheels  and   other  abrasives 389,000 

Graphite  and  its  manufactures 272,000 

Asphaltum  and  its  manufactures 228,000 

Oakum    153,000 

Typewriter  ribbons   112,000 

Fish,  lard  and  other  animal  oils 104,000 

Also  the  following  list  of  miscellaneous  items: 
29  items  of  export  above  $100,000  in  "Miscellaneous" 

1.  Shoe   findings    $943,000 

2.  Broomcorn,  brooms  and  brushes 835,000 

3.  Toys    •  • 792,000 

4.  Pencils  and  pencil  leads 782,000 

5.  Roofing  felt    706,000 

6.  Oilcloth  and  linoleum 701,000 

7.  Notions     687,000 

8.  Buttons 626,000 

9.  Household  and  personal  effects 616,000 

10.  Suspenders   and   garters    566,000 

11.  Straw   and   palm-leaf   manufactures 551,000 

12.  Celluloid   manufactures    493,000 

13.  Furs  and  skins    440,000 

14.  Athletic  and  sporting  goods 434,000 

15.  Seeds   and   nursery   stock 426,000 

16.  Dental  goods    420,000 

17.  Cork   manufactures    373,000 

18.  Imitation  leather    343,000 

19.  Umbrellas   and   parasols    303,000 

20.  Trunks   and   traveling  bags 258,000 

21.  Matches    231,000 

22.  Motor  boats 208,000 

23.  Chewing  gum 166,000 

24.  Refrigerators    .  .N 131,000 

25.  Animal  hair  manufactures    112,000 

26.  Plaster    104,000 

27.  Wall  boards  (substitute  for  plaster) 104,000 

28.  Art  goods   104,000 

29.  Billiard  tables  and  accessories 103,000 

Each  of  these  totals  suggests  great  future  possibilities  of 
serving  Latin  Americans,  especially  if  classes  will  estimate 
the  number  of  different  retail  sales  implied  by  these  total 
export  values. 

COPYRIGHT    1920 

by 
INSTITUTE  FOR   PUBLIC  SERVICE 


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